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social science
introduction to logic
Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:Inevitably, the use of the placebo involved built-in contradictions. A good patient– doctor relationship is essential to the process, but what happens to that relationship when one of the partners conceals
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:I do know that this pencil exists; but I could not know this, if Hume’s principles were true; therefore, Hume’s principles, one or both of them, are false.
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Only members can use the front door.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If Socrates died, he died either when he was living or when he was dead. But he did not die while living; for assuredly he was living, and as living he had not died. Nor did he die when he was dead, for then he
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Either wealth is an evil or wealth is a good; but wealth is not an evil; therefore wealth is a good.
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Barcelona Traction was
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:He who takes the sword shall perish by the sword.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:And what a life should I lead, at my age, wandering from city to city, ever changing my place of exile, and always being driven out! For I am quite sure that wherever I go, there, as here, the young men will flock
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:There is no case known (neither is it, indeed, possible) in which a thing is found to be the efficient cause of itself; for in such a case it would be prior to itself, which is impossible.
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.. . . No names come in
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.Since all knowledge comes from sensory impressions and since there’s
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:To hear her sing is an inspiration.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If a thing moves, it moves either in the place where it is or in that where it is not; but it moves neither in the place where it is (for it remains therein) nor in that where it is not (for it does not exist
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If then, it is agreed that things are either the result of coincidence or for an end, and that these cannot be the result of coincidence or spontaneity, it follows that they must be for an end.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) When I work a logic example without grumbling, you may be sure it is one that I can understand.(2) These sorites are not arranged in
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.People are never so likely to settle a question rightly as when they discuss it freely.
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:He sees not his shadow who faces the sun.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All useful things are objects no more than six feet long, because all difficult things to store are useless things, and no objects
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:All political action aims at either preservation or change. When desiring to preserve, we wish to prevent a change to the worse; when desiring to change, we wish to bring about something better. All political action
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:I have already said that he must have gone to King’s Pyland or to Capleton. He is not at King’s Pyland, therefore he is at Capleton.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) All my daughters are slim.(2) No child of mine is healthy who takes no exercise.(3) All gluttons who are children of mine are fat.(4) No
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.Error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Good counselors are not universally appreciated.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All things present are non-irritants; therefore no irritants are invisible objects, because all visible objects are absent things.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:Archbishop Morton, Chancellor under Henry VII, was famous for his method of extracting “contributions” to the king’s purse. A person who lived extravagantly was forced to make a large contribution, because it
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some Christians are not Methodists, for some Christians are not Protestants, and some Protestants are not Methodists.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some members of families that are rich and famous are not persons of either wealth or distinction.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:All hard-line advocates of law and order at any cost are people who will be remembered, if at all, only for having failed to understand the major
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some political leaders of high reputation are scoundrels.
If “Some saints were martyrs” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be false, and which are undetermined?1. All saints were martyrs.2. All saints were non martyrs.3. Some martyrs
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some paintings produced by artists who are universally recognized as masters are not works of genuine merit that either are or deserve to be preserved in museums and made available to the public.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some recent rulings of the Supreme Court were politically motivated decisions that flouted the entire history of U.S. legal practice.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.All physicians licensed to practice in this state are medical school graduates who
If “Some merchants are not pirates” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be false, and which are undetermined?1. No pirates are merchants.2. No merchants are nonpirates.3. Some
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:All drivers of automobiles that are not safe are desperadoes who threaten the lives of their fellows.
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some politicians who could not be elected to the most minor positions are appointed officials in our government today.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:No harmful pesticides or chemical defoliants were genuine contributions to the long-range agricultural goals of the nation.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some stockbrokers who advise their customers about making investments are not partners
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some drugs that are very effective when properly administered are not safe remedies that all medicine cabinets should contain.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some advocates of major political, social, and economic reforms are not responsible people who have a stake in maintaining the status quo.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.All puritans who reject all useless pleasure are strangers to much that makes life
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:No people who have not themselves done creative work in the arts are responsible critics on whose judgment we can rely.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:All new labor-saving devices are major threats to the trade union movement.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.No modern paintings are photographic likenesses of their objects.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some student activists are middle-aged men and women striving to recapture their lost
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.All medieval scholars were pious monks living in monasteries.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some state employees are not public-spirited citizens.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.No magistrates subject to election and recall will be punitive tyrants.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some patients exhibiting all the symptoms of schizophrenia have bipolar disorder.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some passengers on large jet airplanes are not satisfied customers.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some priests are militant advocates of radical social change.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some stalwart defenders of the existing order are not members of a political party.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.No pipelines laid across foreign territories are safe investments.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.All pornographic films are menaces to civilization and decency.
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.OAO–3
All artificial satellites are important scientific achievements; therefore some important scientific achievements are not U.S. inventions, inasmuch as some artificial satellites are not U.S. inventions.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No Republicans are Democrats, so some Democrats are wealthy stockbrokers, because some wealthy stockbrokers are not Republicans.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IAO–3
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.AOO–4
No television stars are certified public accountants, but all certified public accountants are people of good business sense; it follows that no television stars are people of good business sense.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No college graduates are persons having an IQ of less than 70, but all persons who have an IQ of less than 70 are morons, so no college graduates are morons.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OEO–4
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EIO–4
Some conservatives are not advocates of high tariff rates, because all advocates of high tariff rates are Republicans, and some Republicans are not conservatives.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All fireproof buildings are structures that can be insured at special rates, so some structures that can be insured at special rates are not wooden houses, because no wooden houses are fireproof
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:AAA–3
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.OAO–2
All CD players are delicate mechanisms, but no delicate mechanisms are suitable toys for children; consequently, no CD players are suitable toys for children.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All blue-chip securities are safe investments, so some stocks that pay a generous dividend are safe investments, because some blue-chip securities are stocks that pay a generous dividend.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IAI–2
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.AOO–1
All juvenile delinquents are maladjusted individuals, and some juvenile delinquents are products of broken homes; hence some maladjusted individuals are products of broken homes.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:Some pediatricians are not specialists in surgery, so some general practitioners are not pediatricians, because some general practitioners are not specialists in surgery.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OAA–3
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EAE–3
No stubborn individuals who never admit a mistake are good teachers, so, because some well-informed people are stubborn individuals who never admit a mistake, some good teachers are not well-informed people.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No intellectuals are successful politicians, because no shy and retiring people are successful politicians, and some intellectuals are shy and retiring people.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAO–4
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EIO–3
All proteins are organic compounds, hence all enzymes are proteins, as all enzymes are organic compounds.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All trade union executives are labor leaders, so some labor leaders are conservatives in politics, because some conservatives in politics are trade union executives.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OAI–3
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.IAI–4
No sports cars are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate speeds, but all automobiles designed for family use are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate speeds, from which it follows that no sports cars are automobiles designed for family use.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All new automobiles are economical means of transportation, and all new automobiles are status symbols; therefore some economical means of transportation are status symbols.
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IEO–1
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