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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 6.4. Answering these questions will be much easier if you have fully
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.AOO–3
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAO–3
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EAE–1
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:AII–2
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.IAI–1
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EEE–1
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.OAO–4
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OAO–2
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures, if necessary, on p. 214.) Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.EIO–1
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IAA–3
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some reformers are fanatics, so some idealists are fanatics, because all reformers are idealists.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All textbooks are books intended for careful study.Some reference books are books intended for careful study.Therefore some reference books are textbooks.
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some philosophers are mathematicians; hence some scientists are philosophers, because all scientists are mathematicians.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All criminal actions are wicked deeds.All prosecutions for murder are criminal actions.Therefore all prosecutions for murder are wicked deeds.
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some mammals are not horses, for no horses are centaurs, and all centaurs are mammals.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:No tragic actors are idiots.Some comedians are not idiots.Therefore some comedians are not tragic actors.
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some neurotics are not parasites, but all criminals are parasites; it follows that some neurotics are not criminals.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some parrots are not pests.All parrots are pets.Therefore no pets are pests.
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:All underwater craft are submarines; therefore no submarines are pleasure vessels, because no pleasure vessels are underwater craft.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All perpetual motion devices are 100 percent efficient machines.All 100 percent efficient machines are machines with frictionless bearings.Therefore some
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No criminals were pioneers, for all criminals are unsavory persons, and no pioneers were unsavory persons.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some good actors are not powerful athletes.All professional wrestlers are powerful athletes.Therefore all professional wrestlers are good actors.
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No musicians are astronauts; all musicians are baseball fans; consequently, no astronauts are baseball fans.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some diamonds are precious stones.Some carbon compounds are not diamonds.Therefore some carbon compounds are not precious stones.
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some diamonds are not precious stones.Some carbon compounds are diamonds.Therefore some carbon compounds are not precious stones.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If we interfere with the publication of false and harmful doctrines, we shall be guilty of suppressing the liberties of others, whereas if we do not interfere with the publication of such doctrines, we run the risk
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) No experienced person is incompetent.(2) Jenkins is always blundering.(3) No competent person is always blundering.Therefore Jenkins is inexperienced.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) The only books in this library that I do not recommend for reading are unhealthy in tone.(2) The bound books are all well written.(3) All the romances are healthy in tone.(4) I do not
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some Asian nations were nonbelligerents, because all belligerents were allies either of Germany or Britain, and some Asian nations
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Not everyone worth meeting is worth having as a friend.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He always orders the most expensive item on the menu.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) No interesting poems are unpopular among people of real taste.(2) No modern poetry is free from affectation.(3) All your poems are on the subject of soap bubbles.(4) No affected poetry
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the one-eyed prisoner does not know the color of the hat on his own head, then the blind prisoner cannot have on a red hat. The one-eyed prisoner does not know the color of the hat on his own
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the general had been loyal, he would have obeyed his orders, and if he had beenintelligent, he would have understood them. The general either disobeyed his orders or else did not understand them. Therefore the
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All things inflammable are unsafe things, so all things that are safe are nonexplosives, because all explosives are flammable
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:If it’s a Junko, it’s the best that money can buy.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She does not give her opinion unless she is asked to do so.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) None but writers are poets.(2) Only military offi cers are astronauts.(3) Whoever contributes to the new magazine is a poet.(4) Nobody is both a military offi cer and a writer.Therefore
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If all three prisoners have on white hats, then the one-eyed prisoner does not know the color of the hat on his own head. The one-eyed prisoner does not know the color of the hat on his own head.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If he was disloyal, then his dismissal was justifi ed, and if he was unintelligent, then his dismissal was justified. He was either disloyal or unintelligent. Therefore his dismissal was justified.
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All worldly goods are changeable things, for no worldly goods are things immaterial, and no material things are unchangeable things.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:If it isn’t a real beer, it isn’t a Bud.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She tries to sell life insurance wherever she may happen to be.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) No one reads the Times unless he is well educated.(2) No hedgehogs can read.(3) Those who cannot read are not well educated.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:The stranger is either a knave or a fool. The stranger is a knave. Therefore the stranger is no fool.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the several nations keep the peace, the United Nations is unnecessary, while if the several nations go to war, the United Nations will have been unsuccessful in its purpose of preventing war. Now, either the
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All those who are neither members nor guests of members are those who are excluded; therefore no nonconformists are either members
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Nothing is both safe and exciting.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.His face gets red when he gets angry.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) All puddings are nice.(2) This dish is a pudding.(3) No nice things are wholesome.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the first native is a politician, then the third native tells the truth. If the third native tells the truth, then the third native is not a politician. Therefore if the first native is a
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If people are good, laws are not needed to prevent wrongdoing, whereas if people are bad, laws will not succeed in preventing wrongdoing. People are either good or bad. Therefore either laws are not needed to
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All mortals are imperfect beings, and no humans are immortals, whence it follows that all perfect beings are nonhumans.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Only brave people have ever won the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.If he is asked to say a few words, he talks for hours.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) The only articles of food that my doctor allows me are such as are not very rich.(2) Nothing that agrees with me is unsuitable for
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Mankind, he said, judging by their neglect of him, have never, as I think, at all understood they power of Love. For if they had understood him they would surely have built noble temples and
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.No shopkeepers are members.
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
If “No scientists are philosophers” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be false, and which are undetermined?1. No nonphilosophers are scientists.2. Some nonphilosophers are not
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:No leader of the feminist movement is a major business executive.
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:All satellites that are currently in orbit less than ten thousand miles high are very delicate devices that cost many thousands of dollars to manufacture.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby
If “All socialists are pacifists” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be false, and which are undetermined?1. Some nonpacifi sts are not nonsocialists.2. No socialists are
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some musicians are not pianists.
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. Some college professors are not entertaining lecturers.b. All college professors are entertaining lecturers.c. No college
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some members of the military-industrial complex are mild-mannered people to whom violence is abhorrent.
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:No dogs that are without pedigrees are candidates for blue ribbons in official dog shows sponsored by the American Kennel Club.
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. Some uranium isotopes are highly unstable substances.b. Some uranium isotopes are not highly unstable substances.c. All uranium
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby
State the contrapositives of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions.1. All journalists are pessimists.2. Some soldiers are not officers.3. All scholars are nondegenerates.4. All things weighing less than fifty pounds are objects not more than
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.All merchants are speculators.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some recently identified unstable elements were not entirely accidental discoveries.
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:No athletes who have ever accepted pay for participating in sports are amateurs.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby
State the obverses of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions:1. Some college athletes are professionals.2. No organic compounds are metals.3. Some clergy are not abstainers.4. No geniuses are conformists.5. All objects suitable for boat
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. No animals with horns are carnivores.b. Some animals with horns are carnivores.c. Some animals with horns are not carnivores.d.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.No peddlers are millionaires.
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:All those who died in Nazi concentration camps were victims of a cruel and irrational tyranny.
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some historians are extremely gifted writers whose works read like first-rate novels.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby
State the converses of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions:1. No people who are considerate of others are reckless drivers who pay no attention to traffic regulations.2. All graduates of West Point are commissioned offi cers in the U.S.
A. If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. All successful executives are intelligent people.b. No successful executives are intelligent people.c. Some successful
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some presidential candidates will be sadly disappointed people.
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a Venn diagram.Some sculptors are painters.
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted correctly.If
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted correctly.If
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted

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