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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The mood changes that many people
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Prof. Norbert Schwartz, of the
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The largest and longest-running
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Speed kills. A report from the
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:A 16-year study followed 8,867
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:For heart patients, “noetic”
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The impulse to share does not
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of “antecedents” and “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of residues:At a social gathering of eighty-five faculty
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of “antecedents” and “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of residues:For nineteen years space scientists,
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of “antecedents” and “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of residues:In H. Davies’ experiments on the
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of “antecedents” and “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of residues:Satellite observations collected between 1992
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:Figs and grapes are healthful. Nothing healthful is either illaudable or jejune. Some grapes are jejune and knurly. Some fi gs are not knurly.
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of “antecedents” and “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of residues:Analyzing more than forty years of weather
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:The notion that poverty and mental
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:The notion that poverty and mental
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:In Finland, heart attacks occur
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments: (P₁): (x)(VxWx) (P₂): (x)(WxD-XX) .. (x)(Xx Ɔ- Vx)
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:When it comes to love, sex, and
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments: (P₁): (x)(Sx-Tx) (P₂): (3x)(Sx-Ux) .. (3x) (Ux - Tx)
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:Stanley Coren sought to plumb the
Prove the invalidity of the following: (P₁): (x)(Sx-Tx) (P₂): (x) (TxUx) :. (3x) (Ux. - Sx)
Prove the invalidity of the following: (P₁):(x)(VxWx) (P₂): (3x)(Wx~ Xx) .. (3x) (Xx. - Vx)
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:Prof. Kathleen Vohs reports that
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:Potassium in the urine is known to
Analyze each of the following arguments in terms of the variation of the “phenomena” to show how they follow the pattern of the method of concomitant variation:Whenever the U.S. says things that
Translate the following statements into logical symbolism, in each case using the abbreviations suggested:Not all people who are wealthy are both educated and cultured. (Px, Wx, Ex, Cx)
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments: (P₁): (x)(Bx-Cx) (P₂): (3x)(Cx. Dx) :. (3x) (Dx~ Bx)
Translate the following statements into logical symbolism, in each case using the abbreviations suggested:Not all tools that are cheap are either soft or breakable. (Tx, Cx, Sx, Bx)
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments: (P₁): (x)(Bx-Cx) (P₂): (3x)(Cx. Dx) .. (3x) (DxBx)
Prove the invalidity of the following: (P₁): (Ex) (YxZx) (P₂): (Ex) (Ax Zx) .. (3x) (AxYx)
Prove the invalidity of the following: (P₁): (Ex) (BxCx) (P₂): (x)(Dx - Cx) .. (x) (Dx Bx)
Translate the following statements into logical symbolism, in each case using the abbreviations suggested:Any person is a coward who deserts. (Px, Cx, Dx)
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. . (P₁): (x)
Translate the following statements into logical symbolism, in each case using the abbreviations suggested:To achieve success, one must work hard if one goes into business, or study continuously if
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:No athletes are bookworms. Carol is a bookworm. Therefore Carol is not an athlete.
Translate the following statements into logical symbolism, in each case using the abbreviations suggested:An old European joke goes like this: In America, everything is permitted that is not
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:No diplomats are extremists. Some fanatics are extremists. Therefore some diplomats are not fanatics. (Dx, Ex, Fx)
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:All dancers are exuberant. Some fencers are not exuberant. Therefore some fencers
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:All generals are handsome. Some intellectuals are handsome. Therefore some generals are intellectuals. (Gx, Hx,
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:No gamblers are happy. Some idealists are happy. Therefore some idealists are not
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (Ox V Px) (QxV
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:Some journalists are not kibitzers. Some kibitzers are not lucky. Therefore some journalists are not lucky. (Jx, Kx,
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:All jesters are knaves. No knaves are lucky. Therefore no jesters are lucky. (Jx,
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:Some malcontents are noisy. Some officials are not noisy. Therefore no officials are malcontents. (Mx, Nx, Ox)
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:All mountaineers are neighborly. Some outlaws are mountaineers. Therefore some
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:Some physicians are quacks. Some quacks are not responsible. Therefore some physicians are not responsible. (Px, Qx,
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:Only pacifists are Quakers. There are religious Quakers. Therefore pacifists are
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:Some politicians are leaders. Some leaders are not orators. Therefore some orators are not politicians. (Px, Lx, Ox)
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:To be a swindler is to be a thief. None but the underprivileged are thieves.
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:None but the brave deserve the fair. Every soldier is brave. Therefore none but soldiers deserve the fair. (Dx: x
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:No violinists are not wealthy. There are no wealthy xylophonists. Therefore
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:If you cut up a large diamond into little bits, it
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁): (3x)
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁): (x)
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:If anything is metallic, then it is breakable. There are breakable ornaments. Therefore there are metallic ornaments.
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of validity or prove it invalid. If it is to be proved invalid, a model containing as many as three elements may be required. (P₁):
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:None but the brave deserve the fair. Only soldiers are brave. Therefore the fair
Prove the invalidity of the following, in each case using the suggested notation:Only students are members. Only members are welcome. Therefore all students are welcome. (Sx, Mx, Wx)
Construct a formal proof of validity for each of the following arguments, in each case using the suggested notations:Everyone that asketh receiveth. Simon receiveth not. Therefore Simon asketh not.
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:Acids and bases are chemicals. Vinegar is an acid. Therefore
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:Teachers are either enthusiastic or unsuccessful. Teachers
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:Argon compounds and sodium compounds are either oily or
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:No employee who is either slovenly or discourteous can be
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:No employer who is either inconsiderate or tyrannical can be
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:There is nothing made of gold that is not expensive. No
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:There is nothing made of tin that is not cheap. No rings are
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:Some prize fighters are aggressive but not intelligent. All
For each of the following, either construct a formal proof of its validity or prove it invalid, in each case using the suggested notation:Some photographers are skillful but not imaginative. Only
All of the following passages contain analogies. Distinguish those passages that contain analogical arguments from those that make nonargumentative uses of analogy.A Man ought no more to value
An investor has purchased one hundred shares of oil stock every December for the past five years. In every case the value of the stock has appreciated by about 15 percent a year, and it has paid
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
A faithful alumnus, heartened by State’s winning its last four football games, decides to bet his money that State will win its next game, too.a. Suppose that since the last game, State’s
Instead of investing in the future, we throw money away on absurd luxuries, finance corrupt and hostile oil-rich countries, pollute our atmosphere and increase our trade deficit. Sort of like driving
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Although she was bored by the last few foreign films she saw, Charlene agrees to go to see another one this evening, fully expecting to be bored again.a. Suppose that Charlene also was bored by the
The British are less rigid about punctuation and related matters, such as footnote and bibliographic form, than Americans are. An Englishwoman lecturing Americans on semicolons is a little like an
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Bill has taken three history courses and found them very stimulating and valuable, so he signs up for another one, confi dently expecting that it too will be worthwhile.a. Suppose that his previous
Studies show that girls get better grades in high school and college than boys—yet only about 35 percent of National Merit Scholarship winners are girls. The Executive Director of Fair Test
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Dr. Brown has stayed at the Queen’s Hotel every fall for the past six years on her annual visit to New York, and she has been quite satisfied with her accommodations there. On her visit to New York
The famous chemist and biologist Justus von Liebig dismissed the germ theory with a shrug of the shoulders, regarding Pasteur’s view that microbes could cause fermentation as ridiculous and naive
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Talking about Christianity without saying anything about sin is like discussing gardening without saying anything about weeds.—The Rev. Lord Soper, quoted in The New York Times , 24 December 1998
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:It would be the height of hypocrisy if Pete Rose,
Men and women may have different reproductive strategies, but neither can be considered inferior or superior to the other, any more than a bird’s wings can be considered superior or inferior to a
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Look round the world: contemplate the whole and

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