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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No intellectuals are successful politicians, because no shy and retiring people are
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAO–4
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
All proteins are organic compounds, hence all enzymes are proteins, as all enzymes are organic compounds.
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All trade union executives are labor leaders, so some labor leaders are conservatives in
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OAI–3
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
No sports cars are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate speeds, but all automobiles designed for family use are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate speeds, from which it follows that no
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All new automobiles are economical means of transportation, and all new automobiles are status
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IEO–1
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAO–3
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:AII–2
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EEE–1
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:OAO–2
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:IAA–3
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some reformers are fanatics, so some idealists are fanatics, because all
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All textbooks are books intended for careful study.Some
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some philosophers are mathematicians; hence some scientists are
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All criminal actions are wicked deeds.All prosecutions for
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some mammals are not horses, for no horses are centaurs, and all centaurs
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:No tragic actors are idiots.Some comedians are not
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:Some neurotics are not parasites, but all criminals are parasites; it
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some parrots are not pests.All parrots are pets.Therefore no
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:All underwater craft are submarines; therefore no submarines are pleasure
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All perpetual motion devices are 100 percent efficient
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No criminals were pioneers, for all criminals are unsavory persons, and
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some good actors are not powerful athletes.All professional
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No musicians are astronauts; all musicians are baseball fans;
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some diamonds are precious stones.Some carbon compounds are
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some diamonds are not precious stones.Some carbon compounds
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If we interfere with the publication of false and harmful doctrines, we shall be guilty of suppressing the
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) No experienced person is incompetent.(2) Jenkins is always blundering.(3) No
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) The only books in this library that I do not recommend for reading are unhealthy in
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some Asian nations were
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Not everyone worth meeting is worth having as a friend.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He always orders the most expensive item on the menu.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) No interesting poems are unpopular among people of real taste.(2) No modern poetry is
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the one-eyed prisoner does not know the color of the hat on his own head, then the blind
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the general had been loyal, he would have obeyed his orders, and if he had beenintelligent, he would have
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All things inflammable are
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:If it’s a Junko, it’s the best that money can buy.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She does not give her opinion unless she is asked to do so.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) None but writers are poets.(2) Only military offi cers are astronauts.(3) Whoever
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If all three prisoners have on white hats, then the one-eyed prisoner does not know the color
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If he was disloyal, then his dismissal was justifi ed, and if he was unintelligent, then his dismissal was
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All worldly goods are
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:If it isn’t a real beer, it isn’t a Bud.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She tries to sell life insurance wherever she may happen to be.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) No one reads the Times unless he is
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:The stranger is either a knave or a fool. The stranger is a knave. Therefore the stranger is no
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the several nations keep the peace, the United Nations is unnecessary, while if the several nations go to war,
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All those who are neither
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Nothing is both safe and exciting.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.His face gets red when he gets angry.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) All puddings are nice.(2) This dish is
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the first native is a politician, then the third native tells the truth. If the third native
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If people are good, laws are not needed to prevent wrongdoing, whereas if people are bad, laws will not succeed in
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.All mortals are imperfect
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Only brave people have ever won the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.If he is asked to say a few words, he talks for hours.
Each of the following sets of propositions can serve as premises for a valid sorites. For each, find the conclusion and establish that the argument is valid.(1) The only articles of food that my
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Mankind, he said, judging by their neglect of him, have never, as I think, at all understood
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly
If “No scientists are philosophers” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:No leader of the feminist movement is a major
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:All satellites that are currently in orbit less than ten thousand miles high are very delicate
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be
If “All socialists are pacifists” is true, what may be inferred about the truth or falsehood of the following propositions? That is, which can be known to be true, which can be known to be false,
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. Some college professors are
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some members of the military-industrial
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:No dogs that are without pedigrees are candidates for blue ribbons in official dog shows
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. Some uranium isotopes are
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be
State the contrapositives of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions.1. All journalists are pessimists.2. Some soldiers are not officers.3. All
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:Some recently identified unstable elements
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:No athletes who have ever accepted pay for participating in sports are amateurs.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be
State the obverses of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions:1. Some college athletes are professionals.2. No organic compounds are metals.3.
If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?a. No animals with horns are
Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the proposition by means of a
Name the quality and quantity of each of the following propositions, and state whether their subject and predicate terms are distributed or undistributed:All those who died in Nazi concentration
Identify the subject and predicate terms in, and name the form of, each of the following propositions:Some historians are extremely gifted writers whose works read like first-rate novels.
In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be
State the converses of the following propositions, and indicate which of them are equivalent to the given propositions:1. No people who are considerate of others are reckless drivers who pay no

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