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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

What is the probability of getting three aces in three successive draws from a deck of cards:A. If each card drawn is replaced before the next drawing is made?B. If the cards drawn are not replaced?
Paraphrase each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument. The [Detroit] Pistons did not lose because of the lack of ability. They are an all around better team. They lost because of the law of averages. They will beat the [San Antonio] Spurs every two times out of
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Answer a fool according to his folly, Lest he be wise in his own conceit.b. Answer not a fool according to his folly, Lest thou also be like unto him.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?White society is deeply implicated in the ghetto. White institutions created it, white institutions maintain it, and white society condones it.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
In a group of 30 students randomly gathered in a classroom, what is the probability that no two of those students will have the same birthday; that is, what is the probability that there will be no duplication of the same date of birth, ignoring the year and attending only to the month and the day
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.Back in 1884, Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland was confronted by the charge that he
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?The bad workmen who form the majority of the operatives in many branches of industry are decidedly of the opinion that bad workmen ought to receive the same wages as good.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argumaent or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
If the probability that a man of 25 will survive his 50th birthday is .742, and the probability that a woman of 22 will survive her 47th birthday is .801, and such a man and woman marry, what is the probability (a) That at least one of them lives at least another 25 years? (b) That only
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.“Wars don’t solve problems; they create them,” said an October 8 letter about
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?War is the greatest plague that can afflict humanity; it destroys religion, it destroys states, it destroys families. Any scourge is preferable to it.
This passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of relevance.As the
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
One partly filled case contains two bottles of orange juice, four bottles of cola, and four bottles of beer; another partly filled case contains three bottles of orange juice, seven colas, and two beers. A case is opened at random and a bottle selected at random from it. What is the probability
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.In the Crito, Plato presents the position of the Athenian community, personified as
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
A player in a game of draw poker is dealt three jacks and two small odd cards. He discards the latter and draws two cards. What is the probability that he improves his hand on the draw? (One way to improve it is to draw another jack to make four of- a-kind; the other way to improve it is to draw
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.The reality is that money talks. Court officers, judges and juries treat private lawyers
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.The town of Kennesaw, GA passed a mandatory gun ownership law, in 1982, in response to a
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?The man who insists upon seeing with perfect clearness before he decides, never decides.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
Some passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an explanation? Where
This problem has been a source of some controversy among probability theorists. Is the correct solution counterintuitive?Remove all cards except aces and kings from a deck, so that only eight cards remain, of which four are aces and four are kings. From this abbreviated deck, deal two cards to a
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Among other evils which being unarmed brings you, it causes you to be despised.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Eternal peace is a dream, and not even a beautiful one. War is a part of God’s world order. In it are developed the noblest virtues of man: courage and abnegation, dutifulness and self-sacrifice.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Language! the blood of the soul, sir, into which our thoughts run, and out of which they grow.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Over the past 133 years, more than 7,500 scientists, including social scientists, have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences. It appears that only three of them have been black.
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?A little philosophy inclineth man’s mind to atheism; but depth in philosophy bringeth man’s mind about to religion.
This Passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each will be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of each argument and explain why you conclude that it does or does not contain a fallacy of relevance.The classic
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?You’ll never have a quiet world until you knock the patriotism out of the human race.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?If [he] does really think that there is no distinction between virtue and vice, why, sir, when he leaves our houses let us count our spoons.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Man scans with scrupulous care the character and pedigree of his horses, cattle, and dogs before he matches them; but when he comes to his own marriage he rarely, or never, takes any such care.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?The story of the whale swallowing Jonah, though a whale is large enough to do it, borders greatly on the marvelous; but it would have approached nearer to the idea of miracle if Jonah had swallowed the
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?The notion of race is the hydra-headed monster which stifles our most beautiful dreams before they are fairly dreamt, calling us away from the challenges of normal human interaction to a dissonance of
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.The government in its wisdom considers ice a “food
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.Mankind has grown strong in eternal struggles and it will
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.Without music, earth is like a barren, incomplete house
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.Research is fundamentally a state of mind involving
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I have tried sedulously not to laugh at the acts of man,
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.Of what use is political liberty to those who have no
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.While there is a lower class I am in it, while there is a
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.If there were a nation of gods they would be governed
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.There are three classes of citizens. The first are the
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I am convinced that turbulence as well as every other evil
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.God will see to it that war shall always recur, as a
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I would rather that the people should wonder why I wasn’t
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.He [Benjamin Disraeli] is a self-made man, and worships his
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.We hear about constitutional rights, free speech and the
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise:
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in ornaments of
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.A free man thinks of nothing less than of death, and his
For the following passages, indicate what propositions they may be intended to assert, if any; what overt actions they may be intended to cause, if any; and what they may be regarded as providing evidence for about the speaker, if anything.I have seen, and heard, much of Cockney impudence before
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.All bridge players are
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:He prayeth well who loveth well.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:“Pascal’s wager” is justifi ably famous in the history of religion and also of betting. Pascal was arguing that agnostics—people unsure of God’s existence—are best off betting that He does exist. If He
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Total pacifism might be a good principle if everyone were to follow it. But not everyone does, so it isn’t.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~ (London is the capital of England · ~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway).
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.C · ∼Da. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p · ∼ qe. p =
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Rome is the capital of Italy ꓦ Rome is the capital of Spain.
If A, B, and C are true statements and X, Y, and Z are false statements, determine which of the following are true, using the truth tables for the horseshoe, the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl).A ⊃ B
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Only those who ignore
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:We tell clients to try to go through the entire first interview without even mentioning money. If you ask for a salary that is too high, the employer concludes that he can’t afford you. If you ask for one that is
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:In spite of the popularity of the finite-world picture, however, it is open to a devastating objection. In being finite the world must have a limiting boundary, such as Aristotle’s outermost
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.. . . Because intense
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Happy indeed is she who knows her own limitations.
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:. . .A man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:When we regard a man as morally responsible for an act, we regard him as a legitimate object of moral praise or blame in respect of it. But it seems plain that a man cannot be a legitimate object
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.It seems that mercy
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:They also serve who only stand and wait.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:The argument under the present head may be put into a very concise form, which appears altogether conclusive. Either the mode in which the federal government is to be constructed will render it sufficiently
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:. . . If a mental state is to be identical with a physical state, the two must share all properties in common. But there is one property, spatial localizability, that is not so shared; that is,
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Where there’s smoke
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:All styles are good, except the tiresome.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If we are to have peace, we must not encourage the competitive spirit, whereas if we are to make progress, we must encourage the competitive spirit. We must either encourage or not encourage the competitive spirit.
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Extremism in defense of
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If number were an idea, then arithmetic would be psychology. But arithmetic is no more psychology than, say, astronomy is. Astronomy is concerned, not with ideas of the planets, but with the
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Not all is gold that
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:The Young Turks support no candidate of the Old Guard.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:The decision of the Supreme Court in U.S. v. Nixon (1974), handed down the first day of the Judiciary Committee’s final debate, was critical. If the President defied the order, he would be impeached. If he obeyed
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:It is clear that we mean something, and something different in each case, by such words [as substance, cause, change , etc.]. If we did not we could not use them consistently, and it is obvious
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.All syllogisms having
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Nobody doesn’t like Sara Lee.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters

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