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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?If I speak in the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am a noisy gong or a clanging cymbal.
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
If $100 invested in the preferred stock of a certain company will yield a return of $110 with a probability of .85, whereas the probability is only .67 that the same amount invested in common stock will yield a return of $140, which is the better investment?
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:According to R. Grunberger, author of A Social History of the Third Reich , Nazi publishers used to send the following notice to German readers who let their subscriptions lapse: “Our paper certainly deserves the support of
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.When Noah Webster proposed a Dictionary of the
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.Defending the adoption of the euro in place of the pound as the monetary unit of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister Tony Blair said this: “The argument is simple. We are part of Europe. It affects us directly and
A dentist has her office in a building with five entrances, all equally accessible. Three patients arrive at her office at the same time. What is the probability that they all entered the building by the same door?
Nicholas Kristof equates the hunting of whales by Eskimos with the whaling habits of Japanese, Norwegians, and Icelanders. The harsh environment of the Inupiat [Eskimos] dictates their diet, so not even the most rabid antiwhaling activist can deny their inalienable right to survive. The Japanese
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
The probability of being killed by a stroke of lightning, calculated using the frequency theory of probability, is approximately 1 in 3 million. That is about 58 times greater than was the probability of winning the jackpot ($390 million) in the Mega Millions lottery in the United States in March
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:In While Europe Slept: How Radical Islam Is Destroying the West from Within (2006), Bruce Bawer argues that “by appeasing a totalitarian [Muslim] ideology” Europe is “imperiling its liberty.” Political correctness, he
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.The death penalty is too costly. In New York
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have the courage to face it.b. War crushes with bloody heel all justice, all happiness,
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:Former Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon became so angry at the state’s leading newspaper, the Portland Oregonian , that in response to a request from that paper for a quote, he offered this:
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.California’s “three strikes and you’re out” law was enacted 10 years ago this month (March, 2004). Between 1994 and 2002, California’s prison population grew by 34,724, while that of New York, a state without
On 25 October 2003, at the Santa Anita Racetrack in Arcadia, California, Mr. Graham Stone, from Rapid City, South Dakota, won a single bet in which he had picked the winner of six successive races ! Mr. Stone had never visited a racetrack; racing fans across the nation were stunned. The winning
The following notice is a real one, distributed to all the parents in the school attended by the son of one of the authors of this book: In this raffle, supposing all the tickets were sold, what was the expectation value of each ticket costing $1? Emerson School Raffle-Up, Up and Away! We are
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:To know absolutely that there is no God one must have infinite knowledge. But to have infinite knowledge one would have to be God. It is impossible to be God and an atheist at the same time. Atheists cannot prove that God
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Houses are built to live in, not to look on;
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.b. Education is fatal to anyone with a spark of artistic feeling.
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:Mr. Farrakhan, the Black Muslim leader, citing the example of Israel, said black Americans should also be able to form a country of their own on the African continent, and said he plans to ask
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.No one means all he says, and yet very few say all they mean, for words are slippery and thought is viscous.
In each of two closets there are three cartons. Five of the cartons contain canned vegetables. The other carton contains canned fruits: ten cans of pears, eight cans of peaches, and six cans of fruit cocktail. Each can of fruit cocktail contains 300 chunks of fruit of approximately equal size, of
If you marry without love, it does not mean you will not later come to love the person you marry. And if you marry the person you love, it does not mean that you will always love that person or have a successful marriage. The divorce rate is very low in many countries that have prearranged
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?I herewith notify you that at this date and through this document I resign the office of President of the Republic to which I was elected.
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:The French claim to be a nation of rebels. In fact their heyday of revolution is over. Twenty-first century France rebels against change, not for it. What typically happens is that a French
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.The first impression becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy: we hear what we expect to hear. The interview is hopelessly biased in favor of the nice.
A player at draw poker holds the seven of spades and the eight, nine, ten, and ace of diamonds. Aware that all the other players are drawing three cards, he figures that any hand he could win with a flush he could also win with a straight. For which should he draw? (A straight consists of any five
Our entire tax system depends upon the vast majority of taxpayers who attempt to pay the taxes they owe having confidence that they’re being treated fairly and that their competitors and neighbors are also paying what is due. If the public concludes that the IRS cannot meet these basic
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?American life is a powerful solvent. It seems to neutralize every intellectual element, however tough and alien it may be, and to fuse it in the native good will, complacency, thoughtlessness, and optimism.
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.To boycott a business or a city [as a protest]
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Belief in the existence of god is as groundless as it is useless. The world will never be happy until atheism is universal.b. Nearly all atheists on record have been men of extremely debauched and vile
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:When we had got to this point in the argument, and everyone saw that the definition of justice had been completely upset, Thrasymachus, instead of replying to me, said: “Tell me, Socrates, have you got a nurse?” “Why do
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:Hiroyuki Suzuki was formerly a member of the Sakaume gumi, an independent crime family in Japan known for its role in gambling. Mr. Suzuki’s wife Mariko broke her kneecap, and when Mariko went to
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.No government can ever guarantee that the small investor has an equal chance of winning. It is beyond dishonest to pretend that rules can be written to prevent future financial scandals. No set of regulations can
Four students decide they need an extra day to cram for a Monday exam. They leave town for the weekend, returning Tuesday. Producing dated receipts for hotel and other expenses, they explain that their car suffered a flat tire, and that they did not have a spare. The professor agrees to give them a
This passages, which may contain more than one argument.People and governments want to talk, talk, talk about racism and other forms of intolerance; we are obsessed with racial and ethnic issues. But we come to these issues wearing earplugs and blinders, and in a state of denial that absolves
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?The easternmost point of land in the United States—as well as the northernmost point and the westernmost point—is in Alaska.
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the
Calculate the shooter’s chances of winning in a craps game by the second method; that is, compute the chances of his losing, and subtract that result from 1.
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:I also admit that there are people for whom even the reality of the external world [is] a grave problem. My answer is that I do not address them , but that I presuppose a minimum of reason in my readers.
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Ethnic cleansing was viewed not so long ago as
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. I know of no pursuit in which more real and important services can be rendered to any country than by improving its agriculture, its breed of useful animals, and other branches of a husbands man’s
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
In drawing three cards in succession from a standard deck, what is the probability of getting at least one spade, (a) If each card is replaced before making the next drawing? (b) If the cards drawn are not replaced?
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:Clarence Darrow, renowned criminal trial lawyer, began one shrewd plea to a jury thus:You folks think we city people are all crooked, but we city people think you farmers are all crooked. There isn’t one of you I’d trust
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.If a jury is sufficiently unhappy with the
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Whenever there is, in any country, uncultivated land and unemployed poor, it is clear that the laws of property have been so far extended as to violate natural right.b. Every man has by nature the
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.An outstanding advantage of nuclear over fossil fuel energy is how easy it is to deal
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.Why decry the wealth gap? First, inequality is correlated with political instability.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?Judges do not know how to rehabilitate criminals—because no one knows.
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. The right of revolution is an inherent one. When people are oppressed by their government, it is a natural right they enjoy to relieve themselves of the oppression, if they are strong enough, either by
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Without forests, orangutans cannot survive.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?When tillage begins, other arts follow. The farmers therefore are the founders of human civilization.
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.Genes and proteins are discovered, not invented. Inventions are patentable, discoveries
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
What is the probability of getting heads at least once in three tosses of a coin?
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
If three balls are selected at random from an urn containing 5 red, 10 white, and 15 blue balls, what is the probability that they will all be the same color (a) If each ball is replaced before the next one is withdrawn? (b) If the balls selected are not replaced?
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:The U.S. Department of Agriculture operates a price support program for the benefit of tobacco producers; its regulations limit the amount of tobacco that can be grown, and thus keep the price of tobacco high. Those same
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Omniscience and omnipotence are mutually
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Language is the armory of the human mind; and at once contains the trophies of its past, and the weapons of its future conquests.b. Language—human language—after all, is little better than the
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. How does it become a man to behave towards the American government today? I answer, that he cannot without disgrace be associated with it.b. With all the imperfections of our present government, it is
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?They have no lawyers among them, for they consider them as a sort of people whose profession it is to disguise matters.
What language functions are most probably intended to be served by each of the following passages?The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.Ultimately, whaling’s demise in Japan may have little to do with how majestic, smart,
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
If someone offers to bet you even money that you will not throw either an ace or a six on either of two successive throws of a die, should you accept the wager?
This passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an explanation? Where
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:During World War I, the British government deliberately inflamed the anti-German sentiments of the people with cartoons. One of these cartoons appears here. RED CROSS OR IRON CROSS? WOUNDED AND A PRISONER OUR SOLDIER CRIES
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Reason is the greatest enemy that faith has; it
There may be one argument or more than one argument in each of the following passages. Paraphrase the premises and conclusions (or use diagrams if that is helpful) to analyze the arguments found in each passage.On the 18th of July, 2002, the Consejo Juvenil Sionista Argentino (Young Zionists of
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?’Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;All mimsy were the borogoves,And the mome raths outgrabe.
This passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an explanation? Where
Each of the following famous passages, taken from classical literature and philosophy, comprises a set of arguments whose complicated interrelations are critical for the force of the whole. Construct for each the diagram that you would find most helpful in analyzing the flow of argument in that
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:Nietzsche was personally more philosophical than his philosophy. His talk about power, harshness, and superb immorality was the hobby of a harmless young scholar and constitutional invalid.
At most craps tables in gambling houses, the house will give odds of 6 to 1 against rolling a 4 the “hard way,” that is, with a pair of 2’s as contrasted with a 3 and a 1, which is the “easy way.” A bet made on a “hard-way” 4 wins if a pair of 2’s show before either a 7 is rolled or
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.What stops many people from photocopying a book
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?Check the box on line 6a unless your parent (or someone else) can claim you as a dependent on his or her tax return.
A. Find examples of definitions that function in each of the five ways distinguished and explain, in each case, how the definition serves that purpose.B. Discuss the following:Federal law imposes a five-year mandatory prison sentence on anyone who “uses or carries a firearm” in connection with
Each of the following famous passages, taken from classical literature and philosophy, comprises a set of arguments whose complicated interrelations are critical for the force of the whole. Construct for each the diagram that you would find most helpful in analyzing the flow of argument in that
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:If you can’t blame the English language and your own is unforgivingly precise, blame the microphone. That was the route Jacques Chirac took after his nuclear remark about a nuclear Iran. “Having one or perhaps a second
In the Virginia lottery in 1992, six numbers were drawn at random from 44 numbers; the winner needed to select all six, in any order. Each ticket (with one such combination) cost $1. The total number of possible six-number combinations was 7,059,052. One week in February of that year, the jackpot
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.A well-regulated militia being necessary to the
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. Our country: in her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!b. Our country, right or wrong. When right, to be kept right; when wrong, to be put
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:My generation was taught about the dangers of social diseases, how they were contracted, and the value of abstinence. Our schools did not teach us about contraception. They did not pass out
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.In a recent attack upon the evils of suburban sprawl, the authors argue as follows:The dominant characteristic of sprawl is that each component of a community—housing, shopping centers, office parks, and civic

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