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engineering
chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

Differential centrifugation, the lying (bursting) of E. coli cells has produced a dilute suspension of inclusion bodies, hard insoluble aggregates of a desired protein, unlysed cells, and unwanted
Departures from electro neutrality, following Newman, estimate the departures from electro neutrality in the stagnant region between the reservoirs of Problem 24B.2 as follows. First calculate the
Dielectrophoretic driving forces when an electric potential is imposed across an uncharged nonconducting medium, one may write (V ∙ εE) = 0 where e is the dielectric constant. Show how this
Effects of small inclusions in a dielectric medium, the production of field nonlinearities by embedded particles can be illustrated by considering the limiting case of a single particle of radius R
Frictionally induced selective filtration describes the glucose rejection behavior of a cellophane 5'6 that shows no thermodynamic rejection. You may assume glucose mole fraction in the feed to the
Thermodynamically induced selective filtration describes the behavior of the hypothetical membrane for which K0 = 1.0, solute activity coefficients are unity, and Dsm/ Dwm = Vw/Vs. Partial answer:
Facilitated transport consider here the transport of a solute S across a homogeneous membrane from one external solution to another as a complex CS with a carrier C unable to leave the membrane
Entropy flux and entropy production (a) Verify that Eqs. 24.1-3 and 4 follow from Eqs. 24.1-1 and 2 (b) Show that one can go backward from Eqs. 21.4-5 through 8 to Eqs 24.1-3 and 4, to do
Using dimensional equations, convert(a) 3 wk to milliseconds.(b) 38.1 ft/s to miles/h(c) 554 m4/(day ∙ kg) to cm4 / (min ∙ g).
Using the table of conversion factors on the inside front cover, convert(a) 760 miles/h to m/s,(b) 921 kg/m3 to lbm/ft3(c) 5.37 x 103kJ/min to hp.
Using a single dimensional equation, estimate the n umber of golf balls it would take to fill your classroom.
Using a single dimensional equations estimate the number of steps it would take you, walking at your normal stride, to walk from the Earth to Alpha Centauri, a distance of 4.3 light-years. The speed
A frustrated professor once claimed that if all the reports she had graded in her career were stacked on top of one another, they would reach from the Earth to the moon. Assume that an average report
You are trying to decide which of two automobiles to buy. The first is American-made, costs $14,500, and has a rated gasoline mileage of 28 miles/gal. The second car is of European manufacture, costs
A supersonic aircraft consumes 5320 imperial gallons of kerosene per hour of flight and flies an average of 14 hours per day. It takes roughly seven tons of crude oil to produce one ton of kerosene.
Calculate(a) The weight in lbf of a 25.0-lbm object.(b) The mass in kg of an object that weighs 25 Newton’s.(c) The weight in dynes of a 10-ton object (not metric tons)
A waste treatment pond is 50m long and 15m wide, and has an average depth of 2m. The density of the waste is 85.3lbm/ft3. Calculate the weight of the pond contents in lbf, using a single dimensional
Five hundred lbm of nitrogen is to be charged into a small metal cylinder at 25oC, at a pressure such that the gas density is 11.5 kg/m3 without using a calculator, estimate the required cylinder
According to Archimedes’ principle, the mass of a floating object equals the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. Use this principle to solve the following problems.(a) A wooden cylinder
A right circular cone of base radius R, height H, and known density ps floats base down in a liquid of unknown density pf. A height h of the cone is above the liquid surface. Derive a formula for pf
A horizontal cylindrical drum is 2.00m in diameter and 4.00 m long. The drum is slowly filled with benzene (density = 0.879g/cm3). Derive a formula for W, the weight in Newton's of the benzene in the
A poundal is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 lbm at a rate of 1 ft/s2, and a slug is the mass of an object that will accelerate at a rate of 1 ft/s2 when subjected to a force of 1
The fern is defined as the unit of force required to accelerate a unit of mass, called the bung, with the gravitational acceleration on the surface of the moon, which is one-sixth of the normal
Perform the following calculations, in each case, first estimate the solution without using a calculator, following the procedure outline in Section 2.5b, and then do the calculation, paying
The following expression has occurred in a problem solution: The factor 6 is a pure integer, estimate the value of R without using a calculator, following the procedure outlined in Section 2.5b. Then
Two thermocouples (temperature measurement devices) are tested by inserting their probes in boiling water, recording the readings, removing and drying the probes, and then doing it again. The results
Product quality assurance (QA) is a particularly tricky business in the dye manufacturing industry. A slight variation in reaction condition can lead to a measureable change in the color of the
Your company manufactures plastic wrap for food storage. The tear resistance of the wrap, denoted by X, must be controlled so that the wrap can be torn off the roll without too much effort but it
A variable, Q, is reported to have a value of 2.360 x 10-4 kg ∙ m2/h.(a) Write a dimensional equation for Q', the equivalent variable value expressed in American engineering units, using seconds as
The Prandtl number, Npr, is a dimensionless group important in heat transfer calculations. It is defined as CPµ/k, where CP is the heat capacity of a fluid, µ is the fluid viscosity, and k is the
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless group defined for a fluid flowing in a pipe as Re = Dup/µ where D is pipe diameter, u is fluid velocity, p is fluid density, and µ is fluid viscosity. When
The following empirical equation correlates the values of variables in a system in which solid particles are suspended in a flowing gas: Both (?/pD) and (dpup/?) are dimensionless groups; kg is a
A seed crystal of diameter D (mm) is placed in a solution of dissolved salt, and new crystals are observed to nucleate (form at a constant rate r (crystals/min). Experiments with speed crystals of
The density of a fluid is given by the empirical equation p = 70.5 exp (8.27 x 10-7p) where p is density (lbm/ft3) and P is pressure (lbf/in.2).(a) What are the units of 70.5 and 8.27 x 10-7?(b)
The volume of a microbial culture is observed to increase according to the formula V (cm3) = et where t is time is seconds.(a) Calculate the expression for V (in.3) in terms of t(h).(b) Both the
A concentration C (mol/L) varies with time (min) according to the equation C = 3.00 exp (– 2.00t)(a) What are the units of 3.00 and 2.00?(b) Suppose the concentration is measured at t = 0 and t = 1
The vapor pressure of 1-chlorotetradecane at several temperatures is tabulated here. (a) Use two-point linear interpolation to estimate the value of p* at T = 185oC. (b) Write a computer subroutine
Sketch the plots described below and calculate the equations for y(x) from the given information. The plots are all straight lines, Note that the given coordinates refer to abscissa and ordinate
Sketch the plots described below and calculate the equations for y(x) from the given information. The plots are all straight lines, Note that the given coordinates refer to abscissa and ordinate
A hygrometer, which measures the amount of moisture in a gas stream, is be calibrated using the apparatus shown here. Steam and dry air are fed at known flow rates and mixed to form a gas stream with
The temperature in a process unit is controlled by passing cooling water at a measured rate through a jacket that encloses the unit. The exact relationship between the unit temperature T(?C) and the
A chemical reaction A ? B is carried out in a closed vessel. The following data are taken for the concentration of A, CA (g/L), are a function of time, t (min, form the start of the reaction: A
The climactic moment in the film “The Eggplant That Ate New Jersey” comes when the brilliant young scientist announces his discovery of the equation for the volume of the eggplant: V(ft3) = 3.53
The relationship between the pressure P and volume V of the air in a cylinder during the upstroke of a piston in an air compressor can be expressed as PVk = C where k and C are constant. During a
In modeling the effect of an impurity on crystal growth, the following equation was derived: where C is impurity concentration, GL is a limiting growth rate, G0 is the growth rate of the crystal with
A process instrument reading, Z (volts), is thought to be related to a process stream flow rate V(L/s) and pressure P(kPa) by the following expression: Process data have been obtained in two sets of
Fit (a) A line and (b) A line through the origin to the following data using the method of least squares Appendix A.1): On a single plot, show both fitted lines and the data points.
A solution containing hazardous waste is charged into a storage tank and subjected to a chemical treatment that decomposes the waste to harmless products. The concentration of the decomposing waste,
The following (x, y) data are recorded: (a) Plot the data on logarithmic axes. (b) Determine the coefficients of a power law expression y = axb using the method of least squares. (Remember what you
A published study of a chemical reaction A ? P, indicates that if the reactor initially contains A at a concentration CA0(g/L) and the reaction temperature, T, is kept constant, then the
Suppose you have n data points (x1, y1) (x2, y2), . . , (xn, yn) and you wish to fit a line through the origin (y = ax) to these data using the method of least squares. Derive Equation A.1-6
Write a computer program to fit a straight line y = ax + b to tabulated (x, y) data, assuming that no more than 100 data points will be taken in any one run. Your program should read in and store the
The rate at which a substance passes through a semi permeable membrane is determined by the diffusivity D(cm2/s) of the gas. D varies with the membrane temperature T(K) according to the Arrhenius
Perform the following estimations without using ca calculator.(a) Estimate the mass of water (kg) in an Olympic-size swimming pool.(b) A drinking glass is being filled from a pitcher. Estimate the
Calculate densities in lbm/ft3 of the following substances:(a) A liquid with density of 995 kg/m3. Use (i) conversion factors from the table on the inside front cover and (ii) Equation 3.1-2.(b) A
The specific gravity of gasoline is approximately 0.70.(a) Determine the mass (kg) of 50.00 liters of gasoline.(b) The mass flow rate of gasoline exiting a refinery tank is 1150kg/min. Estimate the
Assume the price of gasoline in France is approximately 5 French francs per liter and the exchange rate is 5.22 francs per U.S. dollar. How much would you pay, in dollars, for 50.0kg of gasoline in
Liquid benzene and liquid n-hexane are blended to form a stream flowing at a rate of 700lbm/h. An on-line densitometer (an instrument used to determine density) indicates that the stream has a
At 25oC, an aqueous solution containing 35.0 wt% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of 1.2563. A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5 kg of H2SO4.(a) Calculate the required volume (L)
A rectangular block of solid carbon (graphite) floats at the interface of two immiscible liquids. The bottom liquid is a relatively heavy lubricating oil, and the top liquid is water. Of the total
A rectangular block floats in pure water with 0.5 in, above the surface and 1.5 in below the surface. When placed in an aqueous solution, the block of material floats with 1 in. below the surface.
An object of density pa, volume Va, and weight Wa is thrown from a rowboat floating on the surface of a small pond and sinks to the bottom. The weight of the rowboat without the jettisoned object is
Limestone (calcium carbonate) particles are stored in 50-L bags. The void fraction of the particulate matter is 0.30 (liter of void space per liter of total volume) and the specific gravity of solid
A useful measure of an individual’s physical condition is the fraction of his or her body that consists of fat. This problem describes a simple technique for estimating this fraction by weighing
Aqueous solutions of the amino acid L-isoleucine (Ile) are prepared by putting 100.0 grams of pure water into each of six flasks and adding different precisely weighed quantities of Ile to each
Before a rotameter can be used to measure an unknown flow rate, a calibration curve of flow rate versus rotameter reading must be prepared. A calibration technique for liquids is illustrated below. A
How many of the following are found in 15.0kmol of benzene (C6H6)?(a) Kg C6H6;(b) Mol C6H6;(c) lb-mole C6H6;(d) Mol (g-atom) C;(e) Mol h: (f) g C;(h) Molecules of C6H6.
Liquid toluene is flowing through a pipe at a rate of 175m3/h.(a) What is the mass flow rate of this stream in kg/min?(b) What is the molar flow rate in mol/s?(c) In fact, the answer to part (a) is
A mixture of methanol and methyl acetate contains 15.0 wt% methanol’s(a) Using a single dimensional equation, determine the g-moles of methanol in 200.0kg of the mixture.(b) The flow rate of methyl
The feed to an ammonia synthesis reactor contains 25 mole % nitrogen and the balance hydrogen. The flow rate of the stream is 3000 kg/h. Calculate the rate of flow of nitrogen into the reactor in
A suspension of calcium carbonate particles in water flows through a pipe. Your assignment is to determine both the flow rate and the composition of this slurry. You proceed to collect the stream in
A mixture is 10.0mole % ethyl alcohol 75.0 mole% ethyl acetate (C4H8O2) and 15.0mole% acetic acid. Calculate the mass fractions of each compound. What is the average molecular weight of the mixture?
Certain solid substances, known as hydrated compounds, have well-defined molecular ratios of water to some other species, which often is a slat. For example, calcium sulfate dehydrate (commonly known
Things were going smoothly at the Breaux Bridge Drug Co. pilot plant during the midnight to 8.a.m. shift until Therese Lagniappe, the reactor operator, let the run instruction sheet get too close to
A mixture of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and water contains 60.0% water by mass.(a) Assuming volume additivity of the components estimate the specific gravity of the mixture at 20oC. What volume (in
A mixture of methane and air is capable of being ignited only if the mole percent of methane is between 5% and 15%. A mixture containing 9.0 mole% methane in air flowing at a rate of 700kg/h is to be
A liquid mixture is prepared by combining N different liquids with densities p1, p2,. .. .pN. The volume of component I added to the mixture is Vi and the mass fraction of this component in the
A gaseous mixture of CO, CO2, CH4, and N2 is analyzed with a gas chromatograph (see Problem 3.26). The output appears on a strip-chart recorder, as shown here. For each of the three species, the area
A gas chromatograph (GC) is a device used to separate the components of a sample of a gas or liquid mixture and to provide a measure of the amount of each component in the sample. The output from a
Biomass combustion-burning of forests, grasslands, agricultural wastes, and other biological matter-is recognized as a serious threat to the environment.8 The table below shows the distribution of
A 5.00-wt% aqueous sulfuric acid solution (p = 1.03g/mL) flows through a 45-m long pipe with a 6.0cm diameter at a rate of 87L/min.(a) What is the morality of sulfuric acid in the solution?(b) How
A gas stream contains 18.0mole% hexane and the remainder nitrogen, the stream flows to a condenser, where its temperature is reduced and some of the hexane is liquefied. The hexane mole fraction in
The little-known rare earth element nauseum (atomic weight = 172) has the interesting property of being completely insoluble in everything but 12-year-old bourbon. This curious fact was discovered in
The reaction A ? B is carried out in a laboratory reactor. According to a published article the concentration of A should vary with time as follows: CA = CAO exp (? kt) where CAO is the initial
Perform the following pressure conversions, assuming when necessary that atmospheric pressure is 1atm unless otherwise stated, the given pressures are absolute.(a) 2600mm Hg to psi(b) 275 ft H2O to
A storage tank containing oil (SG = 0.92) is 10.0 meters high and 16.0 meters in diameter. The tank is closed, but the amount of oil it contains can be determined from the gauge pressure at the
A rectangular block of height L and horizontal cross-sectional area A floats at the interface between two immiscible liquids, as shown below. (a) Derive a formula for the block density, pb, in
The viewing window in a diving suit has an area of roughly 65 cm2. If an attempt were made to maintain the pressure on the inside of the suit at 1 atm, what force (N and lbf) would the window have to
The great Boston molasses flood occurred on January 15, 1919. In it, 2.3 million gallons of crude molasses flowed from a 30-foot high storage tank that ruptured, killing 21 people and injuring 150.
The chemical reactor shown below has a cover (called a head) that is held in place by a series of bolts. The head is made of stainless steel (SG = 8.0), is 3 in. thick, has a diameter of 24 in., and
In the movie The Drowning Pool, private detective Lew Harper (played by Paul Newman) is trapped by the bad guy in a room containing a swimming pool. The room may be considered rectangular, 5 meters
A housing development is served by a water tower with the water level maintained between 20 and 30 meters above the ground, depending on demand and water availability. Responding to a resident’s
Two mercury manometers, one open-end and the other sealed-end, are attached to an air duct. The reading on the open-end manometer is 25 mm and that on the sealed-end manometer is 800mm. Determine the
Three different liquids are used in the manometer shown here. (a) Derive an expression for p1 ? p2 in terms of pA, pB, pC, h1, and h2. (b) Suppose fluid A is methanol, B is water, and C is a
The level of toluene (a flammable hydrocarbon) in a storage tank may fluctuate between 10 and 400 cm from the top of the tank. Since it is impossible to see inside the tank, and open-end manometer
A fluid of unknown density is used in two manometers-one sealed-end, the other across an orifice in a water pipeline. The readings shown here are obtained on a day when barometric pressure is 756mm
An open-end mercury manometer is connected to a low-pressure pipeline that supplies a gas to a laboratory. Because paint was spilled on the arm connected to the line during a laboratory renovation,
An inclined manometer is a useful device for measuring small pressure differences. The formula given in Section 3.4 for the pressure difference in terms of the liquid-level difference h remains
An open-end mercury manometer is to be used to measure the pressure in an apparatus containing a vapor that reacts with mercury. A 10 cm layer of silicon oil (SG = 0.92) is placed on top of the
An orifice meter (see Figure 3.2-1) is to be calibrated for the measurement of the flow rate of a stream of liquid acetone. The differential manometer fluid has a specific gravity of 1.10. The

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