Questions and Answers of Computer Organization Design

The following table shows further pairs of decimal numbers.Write the loop in MIPS assembly language. a. b. A 8.625 x 10 1.84375 x 10 B -4.875 x 10 1.3203125 x 10
Show the step-by-step result of multiplying A and B, using Booth’s algorithm. Assume A and B are 8-bit two’s complement integers, stored in hexadecimal format.The following table shows further
Calculate A × (B × C) by hand, assuming A, B, and C are stored in the modified 16-bit NVIDIA format described in 3.11.2 (and also described in the text). Assume 1 guard, 1 round bit, and 1 sticky
Write an MIPS assembly language program to calculate A divided by B using nonperforming division. Assume A and B are 6-bit two’s complement signed integers.The following table shows further pairs
What do you get if you add A to itself B times? What is A × B? Are they the same? What should they be?The following table shows pairs, each consisting of a fraction and an integer.
Write down the binary representation of the decimal number, assuming the IEEE 754 double precision format.The following table shows decimal numbers. a. 63.25 b. 146987.40625
What is A – B if they represent signed 12-bit octal numbers stored in sign-magnitude format? The result should be written in octal. Show your work.The following table also shows pairs of octal
What is A – B if they represent signed 16-bit hexadecimal numbers stored in sign-magnitude format? The result should be written in hexadecimal. Show your work.The following table also shows pairs
For the following problems, you will be using the MIPS assembly code as listed in the table.Write C code that is equivalent to the assembly code in the table. Assume that the largest constant that
The first three problems in this Exercise refer to a critical section of the form lock(lk);operationunlock(lk);where the “operation” updates the shared variable shvar using the local
The problems in this Exercise refer to the following function, given as array code:What would change in your answer from 2.33.4 if registers $t0–$t7 and $a0–$a3 in the MIPS calling convention
For the following problems, you will be using the MIPS assembly code as listed in the table.What is the value of register $t0 after the sequence of code in the table above? a. b. lui $t0, 0x1234 addi
The following problems explore number conversions from decimal to signed and unsigned binary numbers.For the base ten numbers above, convert the negated values from the table to 2’s complement
In the following problems, you will be asked to write MIPS instructions to extract the bits “Field” from register $t0 shown in the figure and place them into register $t1 at the location
For the following problems, you will be using making modifications to the MIPS instruction set architecture.If the instruction set of the MIPS processor is modified, the instruction format must also
What are the contents of the 5-element array pointed by v right after “jal sort” returns to the main code?The remaining three problems in this exercise refer to a program that allocates memory
Various C-level logical statements are shown in the table below. In this exercise, you will be asked to evaluate the statements and implement these C statements using MIPS assembly instructions.For
In the following problems, you will be using the MIPS assembly code as listed below to explore the trade-offs of the immediate field in the MIPS I-type instructions.How many extra instructions are
In the following problems, you will perform various MIPS operations on a pair of registers, $s0 and $s1. Given the values of $s0 and $s1 in each of the questions below, state if there will be over
For these problems, the table holds various binary values for register $t0. Given the value of $t0, you will be asked to evaluate the outcome of different branches.Suppose the program counter (PC) is
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.For the loops
The first three problems in this Exercise refer to a critical section of the formlock(lk);operationunlock(lk);where the “operation” updates the shared variable shvar using the local (nonshared)
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.Rewrite the
The table below contains various values for register $s1. You will be asked to evaluate if there would be overflow for a given operation.Assume that register $s0 = 0x70000000 and $s1 has the value as
The following three problems in this Exercise refer to a function f that calls another function func. The code for C function func is already compiled in another module using the MIPS calling
In the following problems, the data table contains MIPS instructions. You will be asked to translate the entries into the bits of the opcode and determine the MIPS instruction format.What is the
For the following problems, the table has an assembly code fragment that computes a Fibonacci number. However, the entries in the table have errors, and you will be asked to ix these errors. For
In the following problems, the data table contains the values of various fields of MIPS instructions. You will be asked to determine what the instruction is, and find the MIPS format for the
Using a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.7, calculate the product of the octal unsigned 6-bit integers A and B using the hardware described in Figure 3.4. You should show the contents of each
Assume A and B are unsigned 8-bit decimal integers. Calculate A – B. Is there overflow, underflow, or neither?Overflow occurs when a result is too large to be represented accurately given a finite
Calculate the time necessary to perform a multiply using the approach given in Figures 3.4 and 3.5 if an integer is A bits wide and each step of the operation takes B time units. Assume that in step
Calculate the product of A and B by hand, assuming A and B are stored in the modified 16-bit NVIDIA format described in 3.11.2. Assume 1 guard, 1 round bit, and 1 sticky bit, and round to the nearest
Using a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.11, calculate A divided by B using the hardware described in Figure 3.9. You should show the contents of each register on each step. Assume A and B are
Using a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.11, calculate A divided by B using non-restoring division. You should show the contents of each register on each step. Assume A and B are 6-bit
As discussed in the text, one possible performance enhancement is to do a shift and add instead of an actual multiplication. Since 9 × 6, for example, can be written (2 × 2 × 2 + 1) × 6, we can
Calculate (A + B) + C by hand, assuming A, B, and C are stored in the modified 16-bit NVIDIA format described in 3.11.2 (and also described in the text). Assume 1 guard, 1 round bit, and 1 sticky
Describe the algorithm in detail.Division is so time-consuming and difficult that the CRAY T3E Fortran Optimization guide states, “The best strategy for division is to avoid it whenever
Calculate A × (B + C) by hand, assuming A, B, and C are stored in the modified 16-bit NVIDIA format described in 3.11.2 (and also described in the text). Assume 1 guard, 1 round bit, and 1 sticky
What decimal number does the bit pattern represent if it is a two’s complement integer? An unsigned integer?In a Von Neumann architecture, groups of bits have no intrinsic meanings by themselves.
What is the sum of A and B if they represent unsigned 12-bit octal numbers? The result should be written in octal. Show your work.The book shows how to add and subtract binary and decimal numbers.
What is the sum of A and B if they represent unsigned 16-bit hexadecimal numbers? The result should be written in hexadecimal. Show your work.Hexadecimal (base 16) is also a commonly used numbering
Write down the binary bit pattern assuming a format similar to that employed by the DEC PDP-8 (the leftmost 12 bits are the exponent stored as a two’s complement number, and the rightmost 24 bits
Using a table similar to that shown in Figure 3.7, calculate the product of the hexadecimal unsigned 8-bit integers A and B using the hardware described in Figure 3.6. You should show the contents of
Write down the bit pattern in the mantissa assuming a floating point format that uses binary numbers in the mantissa (essentially what you have been doing in this chapter). Assume there are 24 bits,
Assume A and B are signed 8-bit decimal integers stored in sign magnitude format. Calculate A + B. Is there overflow, underflow, or neither?Overflow occurs when a result is too large to be
Write an MIPS assembly language program to calculate the product of A and B, assuming they are stored in IEEE 754 format. Indicate if there is overflow or underflow. (Remember, IEEE 754 assumes 1
Calculate the time necessary to perform a multiply using the approach described in the text (31 adders stacked vertically) if an integer is A bits wide and an adder takes B time units.For many
Show the best way to calculate A × B using shifts and add, if A and B are 8-bit signed integers stored in sign-magnitude format.In this exercise we will look at a couple of other ways to improve the
Execution time in a multiprocessor system can be split into computing time for the routines plus routing time spent sending data from one processor to another. Consider the execution time and routing
The following table contains MIPS assembly code for a lock. Refer to the definition of the ll and sc pairs of MIPS instructions.Rewrite the code above so that the code may operate correctly. Be sure
The table below contains various values for register $s1. You will be asked to evaluate if there would be overflow for a given operation.Assume that register $s0 = 0x7FFFFFFF and $s1 has the value as
In the following problems, you will be asked to write MIPS instructions to extract the bits “Field” from register $t0 shown in the figure and place them into register $t1 at the location
For the following problems, you will be using making modifications to the MIPS instruction set architecture.If the instruction set of the MIPS processor is modified, the instruction format must also
In the following problems, you will be using the MIPS assembly code as listed below to explore the trade-offs of the immediate field in the MIPS I-type instructions.For the MIPS statements above,
In the following problems, you will perform various MIPS operations on a pair of registers, $s0 and $s1. Given the values of $s0 and $s1 in each of the questions below, state if there will be over
For these problems, the table holds various binary values for register $t0. Given the value of $t0, you will be asked to evaluate the outcome of different branches.Suppose that register $t0 contains
Each entry in the following table has code and also shows the contents of various registers. The notation “($s1)” shows the contents of a memory location pointed to by register $s1. The assembly
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.For the loops
The first three problems in this Exercise refer to a critical section of the formlock(lk);operationunlock(lk);where the “operation” updates the shared variable shvar using the local (nonshared)
The following table contains MIPS instructions.For the MIPS assembly code above, write the equivalent ARM assembly code. a. addi r3, r2, 0x2 b. addi r3, r2, -1
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.What is the
The following table contains x86 assembly instructions.Write equivalent MIPS assembly statements. a. push eax. b. test eax, 0x00200010
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C program.For the MIPS
The table below contains various values for register $s1. You will be asked to evaluate if there would be overflow for a given operation.Assume that register $s0 = 0x70000000 and $s1 has the value as
The following three problems in this Exercise refer to a function f that calls another function func. The code for C function func is already compiled in another module using the MIPS calling
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. For the following exercise, assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C
In the following problems, the data table contains MIPS instructions. You will be asked to translate the entries into the bits of the opcode and determine the MIPS instruction format.For the
For the following problems, the table has an assembly code fragment that computes a Fibonacci number. However, the entries in the table have errors, and you will be asked to ix these errors. For
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C program.For the MIPS
In the following problems, the data table contains the values of various fields of MIPS instructions. You will be asked to determine what the instruction is, and find the MIPS format for the
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables f, g, h, i, and j are assigned to registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, and $s4, respectively. Assume that the base
The following three problems in this Exercise refer to this function, written in MIPS assembly following the calling conventions from Figure 2.14:Figure 2.14What is the C equivalent of this code?
The remaining three problems in this exercise refer to the following function, given in both C and x86 assembly. For each x86 instruction, we also show its length in the x86 variable-length
In the following problems, the data table contains hexadecimal values. You will be asked to determine what MIPS instruction the value represents, and find the MIPS instruction format.For the
For the remaining three problems in this Exercise, we assume that the sort function from Figure 2.27 is changed in the following way:Figure 2.27When sorting a 10-element array that was already
The following problems explore the translation of hexadecimal numbers to other number formats.Show how the data in the table would be arranged in memory of a little-endian and a big-endian machine.
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables f, g, h, i, and j are assigned to registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, and $s4, respectively. Assume that the base
For a 25% improvement in performance, how many cycles, on average, may an arithmetic instruction take if load/store and branch instructions are not improved at all?The following table shows the
The problems in this Exercise refer to the following function, given as array code:Compare the number of temporary registers (t-registers)needed for your array-based code from 2.33.1 and for your
In the following exercise, the data table contains various MIPS logical operations. You will be asked to find the result of these operations given values for registers $t0 and $t1.Assume that $t0 =
In this exercise, you will explore 32-bit constants in MIPS. For the following problems, you will be using the binary data in the table below.If the immediate field of an MIPS instruction was only 8
The following problems explore number conversions from decimal to signed and unsigned binary numbers.For the base ten numbers above, convert to 2’s complement hexadecimal. a. -1ten b. 1024 ten
In the following problems, you will be asked to write MIPS instructions to extract the bits “Field” from register $t0 shown in the figure and place them into register $t1 at the location
For the following problems, you will be using making modifications to the MIPS instruction set architecture.If the instruction set of the MIPS processor is modified, the instruction format must also
Various C-level logical statements are shown in the table below. In this exercise, you will be asked to evaluate the statements and implement these C statements using MIPS assembly instructions.For
In the following problems, you will compare code written using the ARM and MIPS instruction sets. The following table shows code written in the ARM instruction set.Assuming that the average CPI of
In the following problems, you will be using the MIPS assembly code as listed below to explore the trade-offs of the immediate field in the MIPS I-type instructions.By reducing the size of the
What are the contents of array v right before the sort function enters its outer loop for the first time? Assume that registers $sp, $s0, $s1, $s2, and $s3 have values of 0x1000, 20, 40, 7, and 1,
For these problems, the table holds various binary values for register $t0. Given the value of $t0, you will be asked to evaluate the outcome of different branches.Suppose that register $t0 contains
In the following problems, you will perform various MIPS operations on a pair of registers, $s0 and $s1. Given the values of $s0 and $s1 in each of the questions below, state if there will be over
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.For each of
For these problems, the table holds MIPS assembly code fragments. You will be asked to evaluate each of the code fragments, familiarizing you with the different MIPS branch instructions.Translate the
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C program.If the variables f,
The following three problems in this Exercise refer to a function f that calls another function func. The code for C function func is already compiled in another module using the MIPS calling
The table below contains various values for register $s1. You will be asked to evaluate if there would be overflow for a given operation.Assume that register $s0 = 0x70000000 and $s1 has the value as
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. For the following exercise, assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C
For the following problems, the table has an assembly code fragment that computes a Fibonacci number. However, the entries in the table have errors, and you will be asked to ix these errors. For
In the following problems, the data table contains MIPS instructions. You will be asked to translate the entries into the bits of the opcode and determine the MIPS instruction format.What type
The following problems deal with translating from MIPS to C. Assume that the variables g, h, i, and j are given and could be considered 32-bit integers as declared in a C program.If the variables f,
In the following problems, the data table contains the values of various fields of MIPS instructions. You will be asked to determine what the instruction is, and find the MIPS format for the

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