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engineering
chemical engineering
Questions and Answers of
Chemical Engineering
solve the given problem using PSO method\[f(X)=1200\left(2 x_{1} x_{3}+2 x_{2} x_{3}\right)+2500 x_{1} x_{2}+500\left(\frac{1000}{x_{1} x_{2} x_{3}}\right)+100\left(\frac{1000}{10 x_{1} x_{2}
Compare different neighborhood topologies for PSO method.
Solve the optimization problem using SA\[\min f(X)=100\left(x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}\right)^{2}+\left(1-x_{1}\right)^{2}\]subject to $X \in[0,7]$
Show 3 iterations for solving the problem below\[\min f(X)=-12 x_{1}-7 x_{2}+x_{2}^{2}\]subject to $-2 x_{1}^{4}-x_{2}+2=0$\[0 \leq x_{1} \leq 3,0 \leq x_{2} \leq 3\]
Discuss the perturbation mechanism of simulated annealing.
Compare different cooling schedule of simulated annealing.
Discuss the termination criteria of simulated annealing. How the result depends on the final temperature?
What are the pros and cons of GA and SA? Can we conceive of a framework that combines the best of both worlds?
Are Genetic Algorithms useful if we do not have a full understanding of the objective function?
If two successive generations are identical then the Genetic Algorithm has found the optimal solution. Discuss if this statement is correct.
What are the important factors we need to consider during heat exchanger network design?
Develop an optimization problem, which minimizes the operating cost a heat exchanger.
Draw the HEN superstructure with four heat exchangers.
Develop the model equation for a continuous distillation column with two feed inlet. How do you select the feed inlet position?
Discuss the algorithm of Napthali and Sandholm for solving MESH equations.
Develop a reactor network superstructure as shown in Fig. 10.3, considering both CSTR with volume $V_{1}$ and $V_{2}$.
Data is given below; use least square method to find the linear model.$x$35791015202225$y$121822323853677278
Develop a model for wastewater treatment plant using MOO methods.
Why DOE is necessary for chemical process design?
What are the different stages used for DOE?
What is meant by replication? Why it is required?
Show that the Box-Behnken design of 3 factors is not a rotatable design.
Calculate the number of experiment required for B-B design with 4 factors.
When fractional factorial design is useful?
Show that a CCD is rotatable when $\alpha=\left(n_{F}\right)^{1 / 4}$ where $n_{F}$ is the number of points used in the factorial portion of the design.
Show that using the relation $\alpha=\sqrt{k}$ results in a rotatable CCD for $k=2$ and $k=4$, but not for $k=3$.
Consider the following response surface of two factors:\[\hat{y}_{i}=70+0.1 x_{1}+0.3 x_{2}+0.2 x_{1}^{2}+0.1 x_{2}^{2}+x_{1} x_{2}\]a. Find the coordinates of the stationary point.b. What type of
What do you mean by D-Optimal design?
Give a list of variables required to optimize a heat exchanger.
Why proper selection of decision variables is required for optimization process?
Devise a scheme for optimizing a reactor-separator process, which maximizes the yield.
How do you classify the optimization algorithms based on various aspects?
Define degree of freedom. What is the significance of degree of freedom during optimization of a chemical process?
Why topological optimization is required for the optimization of a chemical process plant?
Give some examples of combinatorial optimization in the field of chemical engineering.
How the local optimization can be avoided?
Limitations of any decision variable can be implemented in process optimization, give some examples in the area of chemical engineering.
What are advantages of computer applications for optimization?
Refer to Table 4.4 for the selectivity coefficients for ions that interfere with the determination of creatinine by the experimental ISE described in Section 4.3. Assume that \(\mathrm{Na}^{+},
Draw a circuit and specify the resistances that will divide a voltage of \(6 \mathrm{~V}\) to give \(1 \mathrm{~V}\) at a point that you indicate.
The cyclic voltammogram below was recorded for a mixture of two different metal complexes, A and B, using a silver/silver chloride reference electrode (+0.197 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode
A bourbon distillery treats its discharge water (that remains behind after the whisky distills off) electrochemically to remove copper by plating it out on an electrode. After 42 days of continuous
Consider a carbon electrode with a circular shape and a diameter of \(3.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) dipping into a \(0.1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}\) solution with a double layer capacitance of \(20 \mu
The diffusion coefficient for \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}\)ion is bigger than the diffusion coefficient for \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}\) ion. Consider measuring the electrochemical cell potential in which a salt
Explain why ohmic loss is more likely to cause a serious error in a voltammetry experiment than it is for a potentiometric experiment.
If \(250 \mu \mathrm{A}\) of current flows when a potentiostat applies \(-0.351 \mathrm{~V}\) to an electrochemical cell with a resistance of \(152 \Omega\), what is the ohmic loss in voltage?
Explain two different mechanisms that could cause the potential of a \(\mathrm{pH}\) electrode to shift upon the addition of \(3 \mathrm{~g}\) of \(\mathrm{KCl}\) to \(100 \mathrm{ml}\) of a solution
How many moles of electrons would be required to change the voltage on a Pt circular disk electrode with a \(2.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) diameter from -0.100 to \(-0.500 \mathrm{~V}\) in an electrolyte
The average thermal energy (or the average kinetic energy) in three dimensions for a molecule is often give as \(3 / 2 k T\) where \(k\) is Boltzmann's constant and \(T\) is the absolute temperature.
How does the dissociation energy of the carbon-carbon bond in an ethane molecule compare with \(1 \mathrm{eV}\) ?
How does the energy of a blue photon at \(400 \mathrm{~nm}\) compare to \(1 \mathrm{eV}\) ?
Calculate the reference electrode potential for a \(\mathrm{Ag} / \mathrm{AgCl}\) electrode in a solution with a \(0.10 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}\) activity.
If a null-point potential measurement device has a current meter capable of detecting a microamp of current, what is the maximum resistance that it can have in order to keep the error in the voltage
Is \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) a more powerful oxidizing agent in an acid solution or a basic solution? Justify your answer with a quantitative argument.
The limit to the precision of the potential measured by a null-point apparatus (as in Figure 2.1) is associated with the precision of the variable resistor used to adjust the voltage at point AA.
What is the difference in \(\mathrm{mV}\) in the voltage that one would observe for a \(\mathrm{Ag} / \mathrm{AgCl}\) reference electrode prepared using \(0.50 \mathrm{M}\) chloride concentration
Consider the reduction of hydroxyl amine in an acid solution:\[\mathrm{NH}_{3} \mathrm{OH}^{+}+2 \mathrm{H}^{+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} ightleftarrows \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \quad
If a cell potential was measured to be \(+0.150 \mathrm{~V}\) using a saturated calomel reference electrode, what would the measured potential be if the reference electrode were replaced by a
Temperature affects a reference electrode in several ways. Consider a drop in temperature from 25 to \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) for a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). Explain the different
Ferric ion is not very soluble at neutral \(\mathrm{pH}\). (The \(\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{sp}}\) for \(\mathrm{Fe}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\) is \(\sim 3 \times 10^{-38}\).) Yet evidence of iron is often
Consider the titration of samples solutions of \(\sim 0.1\mathrm{M} \mathrm{Sn}^{2+}\) in \(0.5 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) solution using \(0.1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Cr}_{2}
(a) Write the Nernst equation for the half reaction for the reduction of permanganate ion to \(\mathrm{MnO}_{2}\).\[\mathrm{MnO}_{4}^{-}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-} ightleftarrows
What potential would be expected for a cell with a platinum indicator electrode in an aqueous solution of \(1.65 \mathrm{mM} \mathrm{Br}_{2}, 0.1\mathrm{M} \mathrm{HCl}\), and \(0.753 \mathrm{mM}
What would be expected for a cell with a platinum indicator electrode in an aqueous solution of \(1.65 \mathrm{mM} \mathrm{Br}_{2}\) and \(0.753 \mathrm{mM} \mathrm{NaBrO}_{3}\) versus a saturated
Consider the salt bridge for a \(\mathrm{Ag} / \mathrm{AgCl}\) reference electrode with a \(1.0 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}\) internal solution dipping into sample solution with a \(1.0 \mathrm{M}
A technician puts a new membrane on a nitrate ISE and records the following data for a series of calibration standards in an appropriate ionic strength buffer.(a) Plot the appropriate form of the
Using the Henderson equation and table of diffusion coefficients in Appendix C, calculate the junction potential for a salt bridge with \(3 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{KCl}\) solution contacting a sample
A calcium ion ISE gives a response of \(+170 \mathrm{mV}\) in a \(100.00 \mathrm{ml}\) sample solution. The same solution is spiked with \(5.00 \mathrm{ml}\) of \(0.125 \mathrm{M}\) calcium standard
A nitrate ISE with a new membrane gave the following response to nitrate standard solutions prepared in an appropriate ionic strength buffer. Each solution also contained \(2.00 \times 10^{-2}
A colleague brings you her \(\mathrm{Pb}^{2+}\) ISE based on a liquid membrane that uses the ionophore, ETH 5435. She said that it exhibited a slow, continuous voltage drift ( \(\sim 5 \mathrm{mV} /
The following data were obtained by preparing each standard solution by diluting the appropriate volume of a \(1.00 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Cl}^{-}\)stock solution into \(250 \mathrm{ml}\)
How many \(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) ions cross the membrane/solution boundary corresponding to a \(0.050 \mathrm{~V}\) increase in potential for a sensor with a \(0.090 \mathrm{~cm}^{2}\) area assuming a
Using the Henderson equation and table of diffusion coefficients in Appendix C, calculate the junction potential for a salt bridge with \(3 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}\) solution contacting a sample
A cell using a potassium ISE based on a liquid membrane using valinomycin as an ionophore and a silver/silver chloride electrode gives a voltage of \(-0.273 \mathrm{~V}\) in a solution of \(7.50
After treating the sample solution \(1: 1\) with TISAB containing \(1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}\), what would the approximate junction potential be for a salt bridge containing \(3 \mathrm{M}
If the liquid junction potential for a combination \(\mathrm{pH}\) electrode drifts by \(5 \mathrm{mV}\), what is the relative error in the apparent \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\)concentration?
A solution of TISAB with \(1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{NaCl}\) is available to treat drinking water samples for fluoride determination using a fluoride ISE and a \(\mathrm{Ag} / \mathrm{AgCl}\) reference
Consider using an ISE for determining bromide ion based on \(\mathrm{AgBr} / \mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\) crystalline membrane. The \(K_{\mathrm{sp}}\) for \(\mathrm{AgBr}\) is \(7.7 \times
What is the maximum activity of sodium ions that can be tolerated in order to measure \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ions at activities as low as \(1 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M}\) with at most a \(10 \%\) error
Your colleague is preparing to perform some field measurements of chloride in stream water using an ISE. He is aware that he cannot use measurements of standards in the lab at \(20^{\circ}
In experiments with standard solutions, \(\mathrm{a} \mathrm{Li}^{+}\)ISE gave a calibration curve of\[E=0.39+(0.0577) \log \left[\mathrm{Li}^{+}ight]\]An analyst assumed that the sensitivity of the
A well-used nitrate ISE was being used to test some ground water samples for possible leaching from a hazardous waste site. A percent recovery procedure was performed to decide whether a standard
Refer to Table 4.4 of selectivity coefficients for cations that interfere with the creatinium ISE described. At what concentration of creatinine would \(0.3 \mathrm{M}\) ammonium interfere to cause a
For a membrane without an ionophore, why is the membrane potential more sensitive to chlorate ion than sulfate ion?
In addition to preparation of the standard solutions and treatment of the sample solutions, a good environmental analysis requires various control solutions that check the reliability of the
Imagine that you were asked to set up a flow injection system in order to measure \(\mathrm{K}^{+}\)ion levels in blood samples in a hospital lab. List at least five different challenges for
Here are data from a \(\mathrm{pH}\) titration of potassium hydrogen phthalate with \(\mathrm{NaOH}\) using an automated titrator. Only data for part of the titration has been provided. Prepare a
Why is the filling port for the outer reference chamber of a combination glass electrode kept open during measurements?
A chronoamperometry experiment was performed on a \(4.00 \mathrm{mM}\) solution of an iron(III) complex at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) using a platinum electrode with an area of \(0.075
A \(33.6 \mathrm{mg}\) sample of a freeze-dried enzyme preparation was injected into a Karl Fisher coulometric titrator and the endpoint was reached in 27.6 seconds at a current level of \(150.7
From the CV below, estimate the formal potential for the redox couple. Anodic current Cathodic current 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 -1.0 Eapplied -2.0 -3.0
For the voltammogram in Problem 5.3, determine whether the one-electron transfer process is reversible in the electrochemical sense.Data from Problem 5.3From the CV below, estimate the formal
Does the voltammogram in Problem 5.3, indicate any possibility that the reduced or the oxidized form is unstable under the conditions in this solution? Support your answer with a calculation.Data
If the experiment in Problem 5.3 was recorded using a saturated calomel reference electrode at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), what is the value of \(\mathrm{E}^{\circ \prime}\) for the redox couple on
If for a cyclic voltammogram the \(E^{\mathrm{O} \prime}\) for quinone, \(Q\), appears at a \(+0.220 \mathrm{~V}\) at a platinum electrode (versus silver/silver chloride ref. electrode) at
An organic compound produced the CV labeled A in an aqueous phosphate buffer on a glassy carbon electrode after polishing the electrode and cleaning it in a sonicating bath with deionized water.
A staircase voltammogram was recorded for a \(1 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{M}\) solution of a reversible iron complex in which the voltage was stepped \(5 \mathrm{mV}\) every \(10 \mathrm{~ms}\) sampling
Imagine that your colleague is interested in performing anodic stripping analysis of \(\mathrm{Pb}\) in drinking water and has been frustrated that he has not achieved the detection limits necessary
Give a chemical explanation of why gold and platinum working electrodes are used as working electrodes for pulse amperometric detection (PAD) rather than glassy carbon.
A cyclic voltammogram of p-aminophenol in \(0.01 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) was recorded with a carbon paste electrode scanning from \(0 \mathrm{~V}\) in the positive direction. The
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