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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A horizontal escalator connecting airport terminals is \(1 \mathrm{~km}\) long. Two kids start from opposite ends and run toward each other at \(3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and meet \(600
Two identical particles of inertia \(m\) collide elastically on a low-friction table. Calculate the kinetic energy of the system before and after the collision in the zero-momentum frames.
Two objects A and B having inertias \(m_{a}=m\) and \(m_{b}=3 m\) are moving with velocities \(v_{a}=v\) and \(v_{b}=3 v\). Find the velocities of the two objects in the zero-momentum frame of
In the Earth reference frame, box 1 is approaching box 2 , which is initially at rest on a low-friction floor, with velocity \(v\). Box 1 has five times the inertia of box 2 . They collide
You run at \(4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in the same direction as a river flowing at \(2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). This speed is enough to keep you chatting with your friend who is steering a slow
Jupiter, with an inertia 317.83 times that of Earth, is at an average distance of \(7.784 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{~m}\) from the Sun. At what distance from the centre of the Sun is the center of mass
Figure P6.38 shows three solid spheres of radii a, 2a, and 3a made of materials with densities \(ho, 2 ho\), and \(3 ho\). Find the position of the center of mass of the system. Figure P6.38
A bullet of speed \(v\) and inertia \(m\) strikes and gets embedded in a wooden block of inertia \(M\), initially at rest on a low-friction floor. Plot \(k_{f} / k_{i}\) as a function of \(M / m\)
An 800-kg car moving at \(108 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hr}\) hits and gets entangled with a large truck of inertia \(10,000 \mathrm{~kg}\) initially at rest. What is the kinetic energy of the wreckage?
A \(15-\mathrm{kg}\) box is pushed at \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) across a low-friction floor and is caught by a \(60-\mathrm{kg}\) man on low-friction skates, initially at rest. What is the
A 72-kg woman is walking at \(1.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). An \(8-\mathrm{kg}\) dog is running at six times that speed in the same direction. At what speed and in what direction relative to the
Assume that the asteroids in Problem 74 collide totally inelastically. Answer the same questions posed in that problem for this situation.Data from Problem 74Asteroid A1, \(m_{\mathrm{A} 1}=3.60
(a) Imagine holding a ball a certain height above the ground. If you let the ball go, it accelerates downward. An interaction between the ball and what other object causes this acceleration? Is this
(a) Use Figure \(7.2 a\) to calculate the \(x\) components of the momenta of the two carts at \(t=30,60\), and \(90 \mathrm{~ms}\).(b) What is the \(x\) component of the momentum of the system at
(a) Use Figure \(7.2 a\) to calculate the kinetic energies of the two carts at \(t=30,60\), and \(90 \mathrm{~ms}\).(b) What is the kinetic energy of the system at each instant? Figure 7.2
(a) In Figure 7.5, what is the momentum of the ball during the collision?(b) Is the momentum of the ball constant before, during, and after the collision? If so, why? If not, why not, and for what
In Figure 7.7, consider the cart's initial speed to be \(v_{\mathrm{i}}\). Assuming no potential energy is initially stored in the spring, how much potential energy is stored in the spring at the
Because of friction, a \(0.10-\mathrm{kg}\) hockey puck initially sliding over ice at \(8.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) slows down at a constant rate of \(1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) until it
How should chemical energy be classified in Figure 7.10? Figure 7.10 Classification of energy. COHERENT (mechanical energy) kinetic energy 7cm 70 INCOHERENT (thermal energy, source energy) ENERGY OF
Whenever you leave your room, you diligently turn off the lights to "conserve energy." Your friend tells you that energy is conserved regardless of whether or not your lights are off. Which of you is
For each of the following processes, determine what energy conversion takes place and classify the interaction as dissipative or nondissipative.(a) The launching of a ball by the expanding of a
As an example of an interaction mediated by a "particle," imagine tossing a ball back and forth with a friend. You are both standing on an icy surface so slippery that friction is negligible.(a)
A 1000-kg compact car and a \(2000-\mathrm{kg}\) van, each traveling at \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), collide head-on and remain locked together after the collision, which lasts 0.20 s.(a)
Use the conservation laws to show that, when the spring in Figure 7.25 expands, the change in the kinetic energy of Earth is negligible and we are therefore justified in using Eq. 7.11.Equation 7.11
Show that, in Figure 7.26, the change in potential energy along a round trip from position \(x_{1}\) to position \(x_{2}\) and then back to \(x_{1}\) is zero.Figure 7.26 (a) Cart moves directly from
Consider a ball launched upward. Verify that its acceleration points in the direction that lowers the gravitational potential energy of the Earth-ball system.
Suppose you raise this book (inertia \(m=3.4 \mathrm{~kg}\) ) from the floor to your desk, \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) above the floor. (a) Does the gravitational potential energy of the Earth-book system
Suppose that instead of choosing Earth and the ball as our system in the discussion leading up to Eq. 7.21, we had chosen to consider just the ball. Does it make sense to speak about the
How much energy is dissipated in the collision of Checkpoint 7.11?Data from Checkpoint 7.11A 1000-kg compact car and a \(2000-\mathrm{kg}\) van, each traveling at \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\),
Sketch curves to scale of momentum for the collision of object A initially moving with velocity \(v\) and object B initially at rest, for the following cases: (a) \(m_{A}=m_{B}\),(b) \(m_{A}=2
A \(1-\mathrm{kg}\) block is used to compress a spring with spring constant \(k=10.0 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\) by \(5 \mathrm{~cm}\), and then released. Draw energy diagrams for the spring-mass
Imagine that you take a metal spring, compress it to its most compact length, and tie some string around it to keep it compressed. There is now potential energy stored in the compressed spring. You
Choose an appropriate closed system and draw a bar diagram representing the energy conversions and transfers that occur during each process of Checkpoint 7.9:(a) a ball launching as the compressed
A \(2000-\mathrm{kg}\) car burns gasoline with \(25 \%\) efficiency. Accelerating from rest, how fast would this car go upon burning \(0.040 \mathrm{~L}\) of gasoline if \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of
Give three examples to support the statement "longrange interaction forms the underlying basis for most life processes and technology.”
Explain why tension (in ropes, etc.) and the contact forces between surfaces are not fundamental forces.
A \(5-\mathrm{kg}\) object is subject to an interaction that has a potential energy \(U(x)=\frac{1}{2} k x^{2}-b x\), where \(k=2.0 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) and \(b=1.5 \mathrm{~J} /
A rock climber accidentally drops a \(4.5-\mathrm{kg}\) backpack, and it falls \(160 \mathrm{~m}\) to the ground below. What is the change in the gravitational potential energy of the system
The fastest baseball pitchers can throw the \(0.145-\mathrm{kg}\) ball at speeds of about \(45 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Ignoring air resistance, what height must the ball be dropped from to hit
A 100-g apple is dropped from a height of \(12 \mathrm{~m}\) and 1 second later is struck by a 100-g arrow flying upward at \(15 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\).(a) What is the speed of the apple and the
While you are standing on your balcony \(8 \mathrm{~m}\) above the ground, your friend tosses a \(0.4-\mathrm{kg}\) book at you from the ground at \(14 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The book barely
In a simple throwball game on ice, a \(90-\mathrm{kg}\) athlete throws a \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) ball at \(15 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The ball is caught by his \(80-\mathrm{kg}\) teammate. If \(20
A 60-g Mars bar will supply you with \(1095 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of energy. How many of them would you need to get enough energy to climb the first \(800 \mathrm{~m}\) of the highest structure in the
A 1-kg cart and a 2-kg cart are held together with a coupler that contains a small charge. The charge is exploded and sends the \(1-\mathrm{kg}\) cart rolling away at \(+4.0 \mathrm{~m} /
Imagine pushing a crate in a straight line along a surface at a steady speed of \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the time rate of change in the momentum of the crate?
Imagine pushing on a crate initially at rest so that it begins to move along a floor.(a) While you are setting the crate in motion, increasing its speed in the desired direction of travel, what is
(a) Verify that for both collisions in Figure 8.2 the momentum of the two-cart system remains constant.(b) Verify that both collisions are elastic. Figure 8.2 (a) Soft and (b) hard collisions between
Does the conclusion just stated apply to inelastic collisions?
If you drop a book from a certain height, it falls (accelerating all the while) because of the gravitational force exerted by Earth on it. Because forces always come in interaction pairs, the book
In Example 8.1, the mosquito has an inertia of \(0.1 \mathrm{~g}\) and is initially at rest, while the bus, with an inertia of \(10,000 \mathrm{~kg}\), has an initial speed of \(25 \mathrm{~m} /
A magnet lies on a table. You place a second magnet near the first one so that the two repel each other. Identify all the forces exerted on the first magnet.
In Figure 8.4, are the contact force exerted by the table on the book and the gravitational force exerted by Earth on the book an interaction pair? Figure 8.4 (a) Book at rest on table (vector sum of
If Exercise 8.3 had asked about a book in free fall rather than one on the floor, what would the free-body diagram look like?Data from Exercise 8.3Draw a free-body diagram for a book lying motionless
Draw a free-body diagram for the person in Exercise 8.4.Data from Exercises 8.4Consider a person hanging motionless from a ring suspended from a cable, with the person's feet not touching the floor.
You throw a ball straight up. Draw a free-body diagram for the ball (a) while it is still touching your hand and is accelerating upward, (b) at its highest point, (c) on the way back down.
In Figure \(8.10 a\), how does the magnitude of the downward force exerted by the spring on the ceiling compare with the magnitudes of the downward gravitational forces exerted by Earth on the spring
In Example 8.6, suppose both people pull on the same end of the rope, each exerting a force \(F\), while the other end is still tied to the tree. Is the tension in the rope larger than, equal to, or
(a) You exert a constant force of 200 N on a friend on roller skates. If she starts from rest, estimate how far she moves in 2.0s.(b) When a person jumps off a wall, what is the magnitude of his
If forces always come in interaction pairs and the forces in such a pair are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (Eq. 8.15), how can the vector sum of the forces exerted on an object ever be
The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by Earth on an object of inertia \(m_{1}\) is \(m_{1} g\).(a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the object on Earth (inertia
Suppose you are in an elevator that is accelerating upward at \(1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). (a) Draw a free-body diagram for your body. (b) Determine the magnitude of the force exerted by the
(a) Is a spring that has a large spring constant \(k\) stiffer or softer than a spring that has a small spring constant? (b) Which has a larger spring constant: steel or foam rubber?
(a) A feather and a brick are falling freely in an evacuated tube. Is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by Earth on the feather larger than, smaller than, or equal to that exerted by
(a) Show that Eqs. 8.47 reduce to Eqs. 8.46 when you consider a system of just one object.(b) Follow the procedure used to get from Eq. 8.21 to Eq. 8.24 for a system of many interacting
What is the velocity of each cart in Figure 6.2 measured by an observer moving at \(-3.0 \mathrm{~mm} /\) frame in the Earth reference frame? Figure 6.2 Two identical carts on a low-friction track.
From the point of view of each observer in Figure \(6.5,\) (a) is the energy of each cart constant? (b) Is the isolated system containing cart 1 closed?(c) Is the isolated system containing cart 2
From the point of view of each observer in Figure 6.7,(a) is the energy of each cart constant? (b) Is the isolated system containing cart 1 closed?(c) Is the isolated system containing cart 2
In Example 6.3, what is the change in the cart's kinetic energy due to the shove(a) in the Earth reference frame,(b) in a reference frame moving in the same direction as the cart at \(0.60
Repeat Example 6.4 but let the collision be totally inelastic.Data from Example 6.4Consider a collision between the two carts of Table 6.1, starting from the same initial velocities, but with
Is the coefficient of restitution \(e\) different in two inertial reference frames, which are moving at constant velocity relative to each other? (See Eq. 5.18 if you have forgotten the definition of
Is the kinetic energy of the two-cart system in Figure 6.12 in the zero-momentum reference frame less than, equal to, or greater than the system's kinetic energy in the Earth reference frame? Figure
A jogger runs in place on a treadmill whose belt moves at \(v_{\mathrm{EB} x}=+2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) relative to Earth. Let the origins of the Earth reference frame and the reference frame B
In a train moving due north at \(3.1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) relative to Earth, a passenger carrying a suitcase walks due north down the aisle at \(1.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) relative to the
In Example 6.7, let \(m_{1}=3 m_{2}\).(a) Where on axis A is the center of mass of the two-cart system?(b) Where on axis A would you need to place a third cart of inertia \(m_{3}=m_{1}\) so that the
(a) Determine the center-of-mass velocity of the two carts in Figure 6.8 (a) before and after the collision, and verify that it is equal to the velocity of the carts at the point where the two
Verify that Eq. 6.38 is valid by substituting Eq. 6.26 for \(v_{\mathrm{cm}}\) into Eq. 6.37 and working through the algebra.Equations dcm d7cm dt m + mv+... m+... m (6.26)
A moving object that has inertia \(m\) strikes a stationary object that has inertia \(0.5 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What fraction of the initial kinetic energy of the system is convertible? (b) Why can't
Objects \(1\left(m_{1}=1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\right)\) and \(2\left(m_{2}=3.0 \mathrm{~kg}\right)\) collide inelastically. The velocities are \(v_{1 x, \mathrm{i}}=+4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}, \quad v_{2
Consider the situation illustrated in Figure 25. 11. A positively charged particle is lifted against the uniform electric field of a negatively charged plate. Ignoring any gravitational interactions,
A positively charged particle is moved from point A to point B in the electric field of the massive, stationary, positively charged object in Figure 25. 12. (a) Is the electrostatic work done on the
Figure 25. 13 shows both the electric field lines and the equipotentials associated with the given charge distribution.(a) Is the potential at point A higher than, lower than, or the same as the
Two metallic spheres A and B are placed on nonconducting stands. Sphere A carries a positive charge, and sphere B is electrically neutral. The two spheres are connected to each other via a wire, and
Two small pith balls, initially separated by a large distance, are each given a positive charge of \(5.0 \mathrm{nC}\). By how much does the electric potential energy of the two-ball system change if
The negative terminal of a \(9-\mathrm{V}\) battery is connected to ground via a wire. (a) What is the potential of the negative terminal? (b) What is the potential of the positive terminal? (c) What
A (simplistic) model of the hydrogen atom treats the electron as a particle carrying a charge \(-e\) orbiting a proton (a particle carrying a charge \(+e\) ) in a circle of radius
Consider a uniform electric field of magnitude \(E\) between two parallel charged plates separated by a distance \(d\).(a) What is the potential difference between the positive plate and the negative
A thin rod of length \(\ell\) carries a uniformly distributed charge \(q\). What is the potential \(V_{\mathrm{p}}\) at point \(\mathrm{P}\) a distance \(d\) from the rod along a line that runs
A thin disk of radius \(R\) carries a uniformly distributed charge. The surface charge density on the disk is \(\sigma\). What is the electrostatic potential due to the disk at point \(\mathrm{P}\)
A permanent dipole consists of a particle carrying a charge \(+q_{\mathrm{p}}\) at \(x=0, y=+\frac{1}{2} d\) and another particle carrying a charge \(-q_{\mathrm{p}}\) at \(x=0, y=-\frac{1}{2} d\).
Consider again Figure 26. 2 and imagine moving one more electron from the fur to the rod. (a) Is the work that must be done on the rod-fur system to accomplish this transfer positive, negative, or
Figure 22. 15 (page 773) shows a person's hair standing out from her head because of "electrostatic charge." Look back at the discussion of Van de Graaff generators and discuss how this can happen
A parallel-plate capacitor is connected to a battery. If the distance between the plates is decreased, do the magnitudes of the following quantities increase, decrease, or stay the same: (i) the
When a dielectric is inserted between the plates of an isolated charged capacitor, do the magnitudes of the following quantities increase, decrease, or stay the same: (i) the charge on the plates,
Draw an energy diagram for the process of charging a capacitor with a dielectric as shown in Figure \(26.15 b\) for the following systems: \((a)\) battery, capacitor, and dielectric; \((b)\)
Suppose the capacitor in Figure 26.9 has a plate separation distance \(d\) and the plates carry charges \(+q\) and \(-q\) when the capacitor is connected to a battery that maintains a potential
What is the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor that has a plate area \(A\) and a plate separation distance \(d\) ?
Figure \(\mathbf{2 6 . 2 2}\) shows a coaxial capacitor consisting of two concentric metal cylinders 1 and 2, of radii \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}>R_{1}\),Data from Figure 26.22 Figure 26.22 Example
What is the capacitance of a spherical capacitor consisting of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}>R_{1}\) ?
The radius of the dome on one very large Van de Graaff generator is about \(2.5 \mathrm{~m}\), and air breaks down when the field magnitude is about \(3.0 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~V} / \mathrm{m}\).
A parallel-plate capacitor consists of two conducting plates with a surface area of \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) and a plate separation distance of \(50 \mu \mathrm{m}\). (a) Determine the capacitance and

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