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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with charge \(+q\) on the top plate and \(-q\) on the other, and a plate area that is large relative to the separation distance. Contrast this with a spherical
One way to double the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is to reduce the plate separation distance by a factor of 2. Doubling the capacitance of a spherical capacitor is a bit more complex,
A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii \(R\) and \(2 R\). (a) How long would a coaxial cylindrical capacitor made of two concentric cylindrical
Two small, irregularly shaped conducting objects, one carrying charge \(+q\) and one carrying charge \(-q\), are placed on an \(x\) axis at \(x=-4.0 \mathrm{~m}\) and \(x=+4.0 \mathrm{~m}\),
The expression for the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor that has plates of area \(A\) separated by a distance \(d\) is given in Example 26. 2.(a) Show that the expression for a spherical
A parallel-plate capacitor with air between its plates carries a charge of \(6.60 \mu \mathrm{C}\) when a \(9.00-\mathrm{V}\) battery is connected to it. How much energy is stored in the capacitor?
Suppose a certain battery has an internal emf of \(9.00 \mathrm{~V}\) but the potential difference across its terminals is only \(85.0 \%\) of that value. If that battery is connected to a \(56.0-\mu
A parallel-plate capacitor connected to a battery maintaining a potential difference \(V\) across the capacitor initially stores electric potential energy \(U_{1}^{E}\). If the plate area is doubled
Two parallel-plate capacitors 1 and 2 are identical except that capacitor 1 has charge \(+q\) on one plate and \(-q\) on the other, and capacitor 2 has charge \(+2 q\) on one plate and \(-2 q\) on
Three parallel-plate capacitors are separately connected to identical batteries. Capacitor 1 has a plate area \(A\) and a plate separation \(d\). Capacitor 2 has a plate area \(2 A\) and a plate
Three parallel-plate capacitors each store the same amount of charge. Capacitor 1 has a plate area \(A\) and a plate separation \(d\). Capacitor 2 has a plate area \(2 A\) and a plate separation
(a) A spherical capacitor consists of two concentric conducting spheres of radii \(R\) and \(2 R\). If the two spheres carry charges of \(+q\) and \(-q\), what is the average energy density inside
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area \(A\). The plates are initially separated by a distance \(d\), but this distance can be varied. If the capacitor is connected to a battery, what should
A parallel-plate capacitor has plates of area \(A\). The plates are initially separated by a distance \(d\), but this distance can be varied. If the capacitor is charged by a battery and the battery
A parallel-plate capacitor has an initial charge \(q\) and a plate separation distance \(d\). How much work must you do, in terms of \(q, d\), and plate area \(A\), to increase the separation
(a) Does it make sense to talk about a dielectric constant for a conductor? If so, what value does the constant have? (b) What is the breakdown threshold for a conductor?
The potential difference across the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor is gradually increased. (a) What happens when the breakdown threshold is exceeded? (b) If you want to increase the potential
(a) Make a list of ways to increase the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor.(b) Does Increase quantity of charge stored or Decrease potential difference belong on the list?
When you remove a dielectric slab from between the plates of a charged isolated capacitor, what happens to the energy stored in the capacitor? Why does this happen to the stored energy?
Two parallel-plate capacitors are identical except that capacitor 1 has vacuum between the plates and capacitor 2 has a dielectric slab of dielectric constant \(\kappa\) filling the space between the
Two parallel-plate capacitors are identical except that capacitor 1 has vacuum between the plates and capacitor 2 has a dielectric slab of dielectric constant \(\kappa\) filling the space between the
When a dielectric slab completely fills the space between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor, the magnitude of the bound charge is one-fourth the magnitude of the free charge.(a) What is the
If you want to maintain a potential difference of \(6000 \mathrm{~V}\) between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor, what is the minimum value of the plate separation if the space between the
A parallel-plate capacitor with a plate area of \(50 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\) and air between the plates can hold \(5.5 \mathrm{pC}\) of charge per volt of potential difference across its plates. When a
You are working on charge-storage devices for a research center. Your goal is to store as much charge on a given device as possible. The facilities allow you to generate almost any potential
A spherical capacitor has an inner radius of \(8.00 \mathrm{~mm}\) and an outer radius of \(8.50 \mathrm{~mm}\). With air between the spheres, the capacitor is connected to a battery and allowed to
A dielectric slab completely fills the space between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor. The magnitude of the bound charge on each side of the slab is \(75 \%\) of the magnitude of the free
Two very long wires each carry a linear charge density \(\lambda\). They initially repel each other with a force \(F\). If the wires are immersed in distilled water, with what force do they repel
A solid conducting sphere of radius \(R\) and carrying charge \(+q\) is embedded in an electrically neutral nonconducting spherical shell of inner radius \(R\) and outer radius \(2 R\). The material
A solid conducting sphere of radius \(R\) is embedded in an electrically neutral nonconducting spherical shell that has inner radius \(R\), has outer radius \(2 R\), and is made of a material having
A conducting sphere has a radius of \(2.25 \mathrm{~m}\) and carries a positive surplus charge of \(35.0 \mathrm{mC}\). A protective layer of barium titanate is applied to the surface of the sphere
(a) Explain how treating the electric field lines between two oppositely charged objects as elastic bands can help you to understand what happens to the electric potential energy of the system when
Why would two objects made of nonconducting material make a poorer capacitor than two objects of the same shape made of material that is an electrical conductor?
Two parallel-plate capacitors have the same plate separation. The plate area of capacitor 1 is twice that of capacitor 2. (a) How do the potential differences across the two capacitors compare if the
During a lightning strike, on the order of \(10 \mathrm{C}\) of charge is typically transferred to the ground over a potential difference of \(3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~V}\). (a) What is the
Given that charge separation increases the electric potential energy of a system, what can you conclude about the criteria for keeping a system of positively and negatively charged particles in
A parallel-plate capacitor in which the plates are extendable is connected to a battery and charged until there is a charge \(+q\) on one plate and a charge \(-q\) on the other plate. (a) With the
A parallel-plate capacitor carries a charge \(+q\) on one plate and a charge \(-q\) on the other plate. Each plate has an area \(A\). How much force, in terms of \(q\) and \(A\), does one plate exert
A \(30.5-\mu F\) parallel-plate capacitor initially has air between its plates and is connected to a \(24.0-\mathrm{V}\) battery. The capacitor is then submerged in distilled water. What is the
Your firm uses a large parallel-plate capacitor to store energy, and you measure the electric field strength between the plates to determine the amount of energy stored. During a test run with a new
You are working for a car-battery manufacturer, and your boss complains that to be more competitive, the company needs to produce batteries that will last longer while minimizing the amount of metal
In the endless endeavor to make electronic devices as small as possible, you have been hired to make a capacitor that has the greatest capacitance possible in a cubic volume of \((10 \mathrm{~mm})
Which way does the north pole of a compass needle point in the Southern Hemisphere?
Which type of magnetic pole is located near Earth's geographic South Pole?
How are the elementary magnets aligned in the magnet in Figure P27.3?Data from Figure P27.3
Can a magnet have more than two magnetic poles, one north and one south?
You are given three bars of metal. Two of them are magnets, and the third is made of a magnetic material but is not magnetized. Describe how, using only the three bars, you could determine which of
You are given two metal rods. One is a magnet, and the other is made of magnetic material but does not have the elementary magnets aligned. Using no other objects, how can you determine which is the
Sketch and describe the magnetic poles of a spherical piece of uniformly magnetized material.
Which field line patterns in Figure P27.8 can represent a magnetic field?Data from Figure P27.8 (a) (b) (c) (d)
A bar magnet is enclosed by a spherical surface. (a) What is the magnetic flux through the entire surface? (b) If the magnetic flux through the hemisphere closest to the magnet's north pole is
Is the field line pattern created by a magnetic dipole the same as the field line pattern created by an electric dipole? Draw both field line patterns.
Describe what happens to a bar magnet placed in the nonuniform external magnetic field shown in Figure P27.11.Data from Figure P27.11 Figure P27.11 SN
Describe what happens to a bar magnet placed in the nonuniform external magnetic field shown in Figure P27.12.Data from Figure P27.12 Figure P27.12 SN
Is there a field line pattern that could everywhere represent either the magnetic field due to a magnet or the electric field due to a system of fixed charged particles?
Estimate the magnitude of the magnetic field at location 2 in Figure P27.14 if the magnetic field magnitude at location 1 is \(0.27 \mathrm{~T}\). Note that real magnetic field lines spread out in
Rank the magnet pairs in Figure P27.15 in order of the magnitude of torque on magnet 2 , smallest torque first. Assume all the magnets are equal in strength and the spacing between magnets is
The long, straight current-carrying wire of Figure P27.16 lies in the plane of the page, and the magnetic field it produces at position \(\mathrm{P}\) points out of the page. (a) In what direction
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 27. 17\) shows a long, straight current-carrying wire running perpendicular to the plane of the page. The current produces a magnetic field that points to the right at position P.
Figure P27.18 shows three particles passing near the north end of a bar magnet. Particle 1 is an electron, and particles 2 and 3 are protons. All three particles move at the same speed. (a) Determine
Figure P27.19 shows a conducting rod suspended from a spring in a region where a uniform magnetic field points horizontally out of the page. The rod can be supplied with current by two thin wires
A wire is coiled in the shape of a helical spring with closely spaced turns. (a) When current is passed through it, does the coil tend to lengthen, shorten, or stay the same length? (b) Does your
The square loop of wire in Figure P27.21 carries a current, and an external magnetic field is directed out of the page everywhere. If the magnetic force exerted on side 1 is to the right, determine
The two metal rods in Figure P27.22 are perpendicular to each other. Describe the magnetic force each rod exerts on the other, and then describe the torque caused by each force.Data from Figure P27.22
If two charged particles \(M\) and \(S\) are at rest relative to each other, there is no magnetic force between them. Suppose instead that particle \(M\) is moving relative to particle \(S\) while
A positively charged particle is at rest on the positive \(z\) axis in reference frame \(S\). Reference frame \(S^{\prime}\) is moving along the positive \(x\) axis of \(\mathrm{S}\), reference frame
Write expressions for the magnitudes and directions of the electric fields measured in Problem 24.Data from Problem 24A positively charged particle is at rest on the positive \(z\) axis in reference
Compare the magnitudes and directions of the magnetic fields measure in Problem 24.Data from Problem 24A positively charged particle is at rest on the positive \(z\) axis in reference frame \(S\).
A wire \(0.70 \mathrm{~m}\) long carries a current of \(1.4 \mathrm{~A}\). The wire is at an angle of \(53^{\circ}\) to a uniform external magnetic field. If the magnitude of the force the field
In Figure P27.28, an external magnetic field is directed upward throughout a region that contains four currentcarrying wires having the lengths and currents shown.Rank the wires according to the
Two vertical parallel rails made of material that is an electrical conductor are \(80.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart (Figure P27.29). A wire \(80.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) long is free to slide along the rails, which
A current-carrying wire is bent into a circular loop of radius \(R\) and lies in an \(x y\) plane. A uniform external magnetic field in the \(+z\) direction exists throughout the plane of the loop.
Draw an \(x y z\) coordinate system with the \(x\) axis pointing horizontally to the right, the \(y\) axis pointing up the page, and the \(z\) axis pointing out of the page. Show a current-carrying
A wire \(70.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) long is bent in a right angle such that the wire starts at the origin and goes in a straight line to \(x=30.0 \mathrm{~mm}, y=0\), and then in another straight line from
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 27. 33\) shows the arrangement we looked at in Example 27. 2: a metal bar \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) long suspended from two springs, cach having a spring constant \(k=0.10 \mathrm{~N}
Two horizontal parallel conducting rods are connected such that a conducting crossbar free to slide along them has a constant current \(I\) running through it (Figure P27.34). The rods are separated
The top left portion of Figure P27.35 shows a currentcarrying wire shaped into a rectangular loop that is very flexible. The loop is mounted on a base (not shown) that allows it to spin in any
An arbitrary-shaped tangle of wire is connected such that it carries a current \(I_{0}\) from position \(\vec{r}_{1}\) to position \(\vec{r}_{2}\) in a region where there is an external uniform
A \(1.00-\mathrm{m}\) metal bar that has a mass of \(0.900 \mathrm{~kg}\) is initially pinned in place on an incline \(65.0^{\circ}\) above the horizontal (Figure P27.37). There is a
Figure P27.38 shows a bar magnet placed at four positions on and near a spherical shell. Rank the positions according to the amount of magnetic flux through the shell, smallest flux first.Data from
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 27. 39\) shows five objects, all placed in the same uniform, upward-directed external magnetic field. Rank the objects according to the amount of magnetic flux through them,
A square loop of side length \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) is placed on a wooden table in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude \(0.25 \mathrm{~T}\). The greatest magnetic flux through the loop is measured
A circular loop of radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) is placed in a magnetic field of magnitude \(0.030 \mathrm{~T}\). If the magnetic flux through the loop is \(3.00 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~T} \cdot
A square loop of wire has a perimeter of \(4.00 \mathrm{~m}\) and is oriented such that two of its parallel sides form a \(25.0^{\circ}\) angle with the horizontal. A uniform horizontal magnetic
The loop of Figure P27.43 is partially in a region where there is a \(2.0-\mathrm{T}\) magnetic field pointing out of the page and partially in a region where there is a \(1.0-\mathrm{T}\) magnetic
A hemispherical bowl of radius \(R\) is placed in a uniform magnetic field that has magnitude \(B_{0}\) and is in the positive \(z\) direction. The open top of the bowl is in the \(x y\) plane.
A proton moves at \(6.67 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) undeflected in the \(+x\) direction through a velocity selector, a device containing crossed electric and magnetic fields. You
Figure P27.46 shows the semicircular path through which charged particles travel in the magnetic field of a mass spectrometer. If the particles are oxygen ions carrying a charge of \(-2 e\) and the
An alpha particle \(\left(m=6.64 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{~kg}\right)\), which has twice the charge and approximately four times the mass of a proton, is moving in a circle of radius \(0.75
A proton moves in a circular orbit \(150 \mathrm{~mm}\) in radius that is perpendicular to a uniform \(0.25-\mathrm{T}\) magnetic field. Determine the proton's \((a)\) angular frequency and period of
An electron that has a kinetic energy of \(7.5 \times 10^{-17} \mathrm{~J}\) moves in a circular orbit perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 0. 35 T. For this electron, determine
A deuteron is a charged particle that has the same charge as a proton but approximately twice the mass. An alpha particle has twice the charge and approximately four times the mass of a proton. For
The isotopes magnesium-24 (mass \(3.983 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) and magnesium-26 (mass \(4.315 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) are to be separated using a mass spectrometer in which the
A particle that has mass \(m\) and charge \(q\) enters a uniform magnetic field that has magnitude \(B\) and is directed along the \(x\) axis. The initial velocity of the particle is in the \(x y\)
A horizontal metal strip \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) thick and \(20 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide carries a 20-A current along its length, and both the length and the width are perpendicular to a uniform magnetic
The cross section of a copper strip is \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) thick and \(20 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide. There is a 10-A current through this cross section, with the charge carriers traveling down the length
A proton is accelerated through a potential difference of \(120 \mathrm{~V}\), as shown in Figure P27.55, and fired into a chamber. There is no electric field in the chamber, but there is a
A beam of protons enters the network of five chambers shown in Figure P27.56 with an initial speed of \(300 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and moves through the network along the path indicated by the
Electrons are made to flow through the copper strip of Figure P27.57. The strip's cross section is \(1.00 \mathrm{~mm}\) high and \(30.5 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide, and the strip is placed in a
On average, the number density of free electrons in copper is \(8.46 \times 10^{19} \mathrm{~mm}^{-3}\). (a) Calculate what the linear charge density \(\lambda\) for a copper wire \(1.00

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