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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A square loop of wire \(1.00 \mathrm{~m}\) on a side is at rest and has a linear charge density of zero in the Earth reference frame. The loop lies in the \(x y\) plane of an \(x y z\) coordinate
Suppose electrons move through a copper wire at speed \(v\). Call the linear charge densities in the Earth reference frame \(\lambda_{E_{p}}\) for the fixed positive ions in the wire and
A long wire that is at rest in the Farth reference frame initially carries no current. Observer \(\mathrm{E}\) in this reference frame measures linear charge densities of \(\lambda_{\mathrm{En}}=\)
In Figure P27.62, an external magnetic field is directed out of the page, and six wires are placed, one at a time, in this field. Each wire carries a current in the direction indicated; if there is
Three charged particles initially have identical masses, charges, and speeds and are traveling perpendicular to the same magnetic field. Because they are all in the same magnetic field and have
At the equator, the direction of Earth's magnetic field is horizontal and to the north, and the magnitude is \(3.5 \times 10^{-5} \mathrm{~T}\). (a) What is the magnetic flux through a circular loop
When a wire \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long carries a \(20-\mathrm{A}\) current in the \(+x\) direction in a uniform external magnetic field, the magnetic force exerted by the field on the wire is given by
Blood contains both positive and negative ions. In a certain patient being tested, the speed of these ions in a large artery is measured at \(0.60 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The patient is placed in
Electrons enter a region of perpendicular electric and magnetic fields (similar to Example 27. 5). The region occupied by the fields is \(40.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) long in the \(x\) direction, where \(x\)
A particle of mass \(m\) and charge \(q\) moves in a circle of radius \(r\) in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude \(B\). Show that \((a)\) the particle's momentum is given by \(B q r\) and \((b)\)
You are designing magnetic motors. A colleague insists that like magnetic poles attract-north poles attract north poles and south poles attract south poles. You feel the need to remove this idea from
Figure P27.70 shows a \(1.0-\mathrm{m}, 0. 350-\mathrm{kg}\) horizontal metal rod attached to two ropes, each of which makes an angle of \(30^{\circ}\) with the horizontal. Each rope then drapes over
A wire bent into a semicircle of radius \(R\) lies in a plane that is perpendicular to a uniform external magnetic field \(\vec{B}\). If the wire carries a current \(I\), what are the magnitude and
You are working with the square wire loop shown in Figure P27.72. The loop lies in a magnetic field, is connected to a battery, and is attached to an axis that runs through its center and is parallel
Two parallel rods carry currents in opposite directions. Determine the direction of the magnetic force exerted by each rod on the other rod.
A metal bar \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) long is suspended from two springs, each with spring constant \(k=0.10 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\), and the bar is in an external magnetic field directed perpendicular
A square loop \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) on each side is placed in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude \(0.50 \mathrm{~T}\). The plane of the loop makes a \(30^{\circ}\) angle with the magnetic field.
Figure 27.40 shows a schematic of a device, called a mass spectrometer, for determining the mass of ions or other charged particles. The ions that enter the mass spectrometer are first accelerated by
Figure 27.42 shows schematically part of the apparatus used in 1897 by J. J. Thomson to determine the charge-tomass ratio of the electron. A beam of electrons, all moving at the same speed \(v\),
A car merges onto a freeway, accelerating from \(60 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) to \(80 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). As it does this, a bus passes by in the fast lane, travelling at a constant \(100
You jump into the air from a level floor. Which of the following are exerting a force on you:(a) the floor,(b) the Earth,(c) the air,(d) your feet?
Two soccer players kick two identical balls at the same time. Player 1 sends his ball at an impressive \(90 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hr}\) at an angle of \(30^{\circ}\) above the horizontal. Player 2
The force of friction is one of the most common forces that affects our everyday lives, and there are many situations where we either want to minimize or maximize it. Consider a children's playground
A boy bounces on a trampoline. When the boy is up in the air at the highest point, can you say that the total force on him is zero?
You and two other friends are pushing a car over the rough road ahead. A physicist observing the car's motion claims there is no net force acting on the car. Explain.
You want to climb up a rope attached to a tree branch overhead. You test the strength of the rope by holding it while slowly lifting your feet off the ground; the rope holds your weight. However, as
A ball falling near the surface of the Earth where air friction is not negligible eventually slows down to a constant "terminal" velocity. How is that possible given that frictional force increases
A proton (inertia \(1.67 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) and an electron (inertia \(9.11 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) are being separately subjected to an electric force of \(3.2 \times 10^{-14}
An object moving along the \(x\)-axis experiences a constant force in its direction of motion, \(F_{x}=56 \mathrm{~N}\). At \(t=1.2 \mathrm{~s}\), the object is moving at \(2.0 \mathrm{~m} /
You push a \(30 \mathrm{~kg}\) shopping cart initially at rest (loaded with groceries) with a constant \(12-\mathrm{N}\) force. How far does it travel after pushing it for \(4.5 \mathrm{~s}\) ?
In Figure P8.35, a \(55-\mathrm{kg}\) skier heads down a slope, reaching a speed of \(27 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). They then slide across a horizontal snow field but hit a rough area. Assume the
Two blocks of the same inertia \((10 \mathrm{~kg})\) but different sizes are falling freely. Compare the force exerted by the Earth on the two blocks.
You are collecting water from a well by lowering a bucket on a rope. The inertia of the empty bucket is \(0.72 \mathrm{~kg}\), and the inertia of the rope is negligible.(a) If you lower the empty
Figure P8.43 shows two blocks, one of which is placed on a low-friction table, and supports, by means of a massless rope that runs over a low-friction pulley, the other block, which is suspended in
Consider figure P8.43. Let the inertia of the block on the table be \(M\) and that of the hanging bock be \(M / 4\). If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the table and the block is 0.2 ,
A \(27-\mathrm{kg}\) child stands in the center of a trampoline.(a) If the trampoline center is \(0.32 \mathrm{~m}\) lower than before they got on, what is the spring constant of the trampoline?(b)
Use the relationship between force and impulse to explain how padded boxing gloves protect a boxer's hands.
An 1100-kg car stops at a red light, going from \(85 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) to stationary in 20 s.(a) What is the impulse delivered to the car?(b) What is the average vector sum of forces
A 2-kg block resting on a low-friction floor is subjected to the time-dependent force \(F(t)=0.5 t^{2}\). The block starts out \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) away from the origin.(a) What is speed of the object
A 2.3-kg ball dropped from a height of \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) onto a steel plate rigidly attached to the ground bounces back to a height of \(1.7 \mathrm{~m}\).(a) What is the impulse delivered to the
Box \(\mathrm{A}\), which has an inertia of \(2 \mathrm{~kg}\), and box \(\mathrm{B}\), which has an inertia of \(3 \mathrm{~kg}\), are \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) apart on a low-friction floor. Box B is
You are holding a basketball while standing on a bathroom scale. You now throw the basketball directly upwards, and catch it on its way down. Describe how the reading on the scale changes from its
A train is comprised of an engine car of inertia \(M\), and 3 more cars of inertias \(m_{1}, m_{2}\), and \(m_{3}\), respectively. The acceleration of the train is \(a\). Friction can be ignored.(a)
An 80-kg man rides in an elevator from the ground to an upper floor. The elevator goes from rest to \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in 5 seconds, and then continues at the same constant speed for 10
Imagine pushing against a brick wall as shown in Figure 9.1a. (Assume the wall is undeformable-a fair assumption at macroscopic scales.)(a) Considering the wall as the system, is the force you exert
You throw a ball straight up in the air. Which of the following forces do work on the ball while you throw it? Consider the interval from the instant the ball is at rest in your hand to the instant
A ball is thrown vertically upward.(a) As it moves upward, it slows down under the influence of gravity. Considering the changes in energy of the ball, is the work done by Earth on the ball positive
Go back to Checkpoint 9.3 and answer the same two questions in terms of the directions of the applied forces and the force displacements. Do your answers agree with those you gave in Checkpoint
Suppose that instead of the two moving blocks in Figure \(9.3 a\), just one block is used to compress the spring while the other end of the spring is held against a wall.(a) Is the system comprising
Draw an energy diagram for the cart in Figure 9.2 \(b\). Figure 9.2 The work done on a system is positive if the system gains kinetic energy and negative if the system loses kinetic energy. (a) Cart
Draw an energy diagram for the situation presented in Exercise 9.4, but choose the system that comprises block, spring, surface, and Earth.Data from Exercises 9.4 A block initially at rest is
Draw an energy diagram for just the basket in Figure 9.10. Figure 9.10 Different choices of system yield different energy diagrams. (a) System basket + Earth (b) System person + rope + basket + Earth
(a) Draw an energy diagram for the situation shown in Figure 9.11 for the system that comprises Earth and the box. Assume the box keeps moving at constant velocity, and consider the rope to be part
Verify that in Example 9.6 the momentum transferred to the ball by the gravitational force is \(\Delta p_{x}=m_{\mathrm{b}}\left(v_{x, \mathrm{f}}-v_{x, \mathrm{i}}\right)\).Data from Example 9.6A
Compare the rightmost terms of Eqs. 9.14 and 9.16 to determine whether, in any two-particle system subject to a single, constant external force, \(\Delta E\) is larger than, equal to, or smaller than
Show that for a one-particle system, Eqs. 9.14 and 9.18 both reduce to Eq. 9.9.Equations W (F)Ax (constant forces exerted on particle, one dimension). (9.9)
Show that Eq. 9.22 reduces to Eq. 9.8 when the force is constant.Equations WFxAx (constant force exerted on particle, one dimension). (9.8)
In Example 9.8, consider the situation from the instant the brick is released to the instant at which it has zero velocity (when the spring compression is greatest). Draw an energy diagram for a
As the brick in Example 9.8 moves downward, why is the magnitude of the force it exerts on the spring given by Eq. 1 in Example 9.8 and not by simply the magnitude \(m g\) of the gravitational force
A \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) wood block slides \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\) on a horizontal floor before colliding elastically with a wall and reversing its direction of travel. If the block has an initial speed
(a) A gallon of gasoline contains about \(1.4 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~J}\) of chemical energy. A car consumes this amount of gasoline in approximately \(30 \mathrm{~min}\) when cruising along a
If a large force is applied to an object, does it necessarily follow that work in done on it? \(\bullet\)
Hitting a door with your bare fist hurts more than hitting a sofa cushion. In work terms, explain why this is so. \(\cdot\)
If you drop a brick from a height of \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) onto your toe, it probably won't hurt much, but if you drop the brick from a height of \(0.5 \mathrm{~m}\), it will hurt. The force of gravity
An object moves with constant velocity. What can you say about the work done on a system that includes only this object? \(\cdot\)\(\cdot\)
You try to push a heavy box along the floor while you are dressed in socks, but your feet keep slipping. When you put on some shoes, your feet no longer slip, and you are able to do work on the box
You are in an elevator moving between two floors of a building at constant speed. Compare the work done on you by the elevator when you are moving upward to a higher floor to the work done when you
Give examples of cases where work is done on a system without changing its kinetic energy.
You throw a \(100-\mathrm{g}\) ball upward with a speed of \(19.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). How much work does the force of gravity do on the ball during its trip to its maximum height?
A 48-kg acrobat must jump high and land on his brother's shoulders. To accomplish this, she leaps from a crouched position to a height where her center of mass is \(1.60 \mathrm{~m}\) above the
A 30-kg child slides down the amusement-park wave slide shown in Figure P9.29. When they are \(0.95 \mathrm{~m}\) above the water level their speed is \(2.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). At the top of
Two \(0.25-\mathrm{kg}\) carts, one red and one green, are stationary on a low-friction track. The carts are initially separated by \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\). You push on the red one with a constant force
Spring A is stiffer than spring B. You stretch the springs such that the energy stored in each is the same.(a) Which spring has the greater change in length from its relaxed position?(b) Which spring
Figure P9.46 shows the force \(F(x)\) plotted as a function of position \(x\).(a) What average constant force applied between \(x=1 \mathrm{~m}\) and \(x=3 \mathrm{~m}\) will do the same amount of
Compressing a certain spring to \(50 \%\) of its relaxed length requires \(28 \mathrm{~J}\) of work. How much work would be required to compress the same spring by only half as much, to \(75 \%\) of
A proton has mass \(m_{p}\) and charge \(+e\). The force it exerts on another proton at a distance \(r\) is given by \(F(r)=\frac{1}{4 \pi \in_{0}} \frac{e^{2}}{r^{2}}\) where \(\frac{1}{4 \pi
A particular cyclist can produce an average power output of \(180 \mathrm{~W}\) when cycling on level ground. While doing this, their speed is \(9.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the magnitude
What is the average power delivered when you raise a \(2-\mathrm{kg}\) object by \(50 \mathrm{~cm}\) in \(50 \mathrm{~ms}\) ?
The \(1000-\mathrm{kg}\) car at the bottom of the hill in Figure P9.60 wants to make it to the top of the hill. What should be the minimum power output of the engine given that \(30 \%\) of the
A constant external force \(F\) is the only force acting on an object. What is the work done on the object by \(F\) as a function of time?
A box of inertia \(10 \mathrm{~kg}\) is suspended by a vertical rope and lowered through a distance of \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) with a constant speed. How much work is done on the box by the gravitational
An object is moving in a circle with constant speed. Its kinetic energy is constant since the speed does not change. Would you conclude that the total external force acting on it is zero?
Taking a sip of coffee one day, you start thinking about the effort it takes to do so. Your forearm is a type of lever. As shown in Figure P9.79, the biceps muscle is attached to the forearm bone
(a) In Figure 10.2, what is the ball's velocity the instant before it is released? (b) Is the ball's speed in the reference frame of the cart greater than, equal to, or smaller than its speed in the
In Figure 10.10, the ball's instantaneous velocity \(\vec{v}\) does not point in the same direction as the displacement \(\Delta \vec{r}\) (it points above the final position of the ball). Why?
A suitcase being loaded into an airplane moves at constant velocity on an inclined conveyor belt. Draw a free-body diagram for the suitcase as it moves up along with the belt. Show the normal and
You decide to move a heavy file cabinet by sliding it across the floor. You push against the cabinet, but it doesn't budge. Draw a free-body diagram for it.
(a) Suppose you push the file cabinet just enough to keep it moving at constant speed. Draw a free-body diagram for the cabinet while it slides at constant speed. (b) Suddenly you stop pushing. Draw
Which type of friction-static or kinetic-plays a role in (a) holding a pencil, (b) chalk making marks on a chalkboard,(c) skiing downhill,(d) polishing a metal surface, and(e) walking (without
Draw energy diagrams for the person and the package in Figure 10.21. Figure 10.21 Two equivalent situations in which an object is accel- erated by static friction. (a) Person steps forward from
You navigate a ship from a pier to a buoy \(1500 \mathrm{~m}\) northeast of the pier. There you sail to a point \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) south and \(700 \mathrm{~m}\) east of the buoy. What is your
Suppose a projectile's initial velocity is specified by the initial speed \(v_{\mathrm{i}}\) and launch angle \(\theta\) instead of by its rectangular components as in Eq. 10.15 (a) Using Eqs. 10.3,
Is the collision in Example 10.7 elastic?Data from Example 10.7Pucks 1 and 2 slide on ice and collide. The inertia of puck 2 is twice that of puck 1 . Puck 1 initially moves at \(1.8 \mathrm{~m} /
When is \(W\) in Eq. 10.40 positive, and when is it negative? Is your answer consistent with the definition of positive and negative work given in Section 9.2?Equation 10.40 W = mgh, (10.40)
(a) A brick slides more easily on ice than on wood. For which combination (brick on ice or brick on wood) is \(\mu_{s}\) larger? (b) For rubber on dry asphalt, \(\mu_{s}\) is about 1 . Ignoring any
(a) To what angle \(\theta_{\max }\) does a coefficient of static friction of 1 correspond? (b) Put, in turn, a coin, a paper clip, a cell phone, and a comb on the cover of this book and tilt the
Imagine putting a single and a double brick on a flat board, as in Figure 10.40, and then slowly raising one end of the board. (a) Does the single brick begin to slide before, after, or at the same
As you are standing on the platform, a boy in a train moving to the right extends his hand outside the window and releases a ball. In what direction is the ball moving according to(a) you(b) the
You are watching a race while sitting on a bench. An athlete speeds up from 0 to \(7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to the right. Describe his motion from the point of view of another athlete going at
Does a man standing in an elevator that is moving upward at a constant speed of \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) feel heavier or lighter? What if the elevator is moving downward at the same speed? If

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