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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Figure P2.4 shows a graph of position versus frame number from a video clip of a moving object. Describe this motion from beginning to end, and state any assumptions you make.Data from Figure P2.4
Your class observed several different objects in motion along different lines. Figure P2.5 shows some of the graphs other students made of the events. They have labeled the horizontal axis "time" and
If an object's initial position is \(x_{\mathrm{i}}=+6.5 \mathrm{~m}\) and its final position is \(x_{\mathrm{f}}=+0.23 \mathrm{~m}\), what is the \(x\) component of its displacement?
You walk \(3.2 \mathrm{~km}\) to the supermarket and then back home. What is your distance traveled? What is your displacement?
A \(2000-\mathrm{m}\) race is held on a \(400-\mathrm{m}\) oval track. From start to finish, what is the displacement of the winner?
You are shown a video clip of a dog running in front of a blank wall. The observations are to be plotted using the horizontal and vertical axes labeled with seconds and meters, respectively. How many
Assume you have a video clip of someone walking from left to right. You draw a position-versus-time graph of the motion and choose your origin to be the left edge of the frame. A friend chooses to
Suppose the vertical axis in Figure P2.11 was calibrated in inches rather than in meters and the horizontal axis in minutes rather than seconds. How would the shape of the curve change?Data from
In the graph in Figure \(P 2. 12\), determine (a) the displacement of the object and \((b)\) the distance the object traveled.Data from Figure P2.12 x (m) 8 6 2 0 0 20 20 40 60 80 t(s)
You walk four blocks east along 12 th Street, then two blocks west, then one block east, then five blocks east, then seven blocks west. Let the \(x\) axis point east and have its origin at your
Figure \(P 2. 15\) shows the position of a swimmer in a race as a function of time. Describe this motion.Data from Figure P2.15 (S) 14 x (m)
In the morning, a hiker at the bottom of a mountain heads up the trail toward the top. At the same instant, another hiker at the top of the mountain heads down the same trail toward the bottom. Each
Will interpolation between known data points always give an accurate continuous path? If so, explain why. If not, give a counterexample.
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 2.18\) shows the motion of an object as a function of time. How long did it take the object to get from the position \(x=2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) to the position \(x=3.0 \mathrm{~m}\) ?
Figure P2.19 is based on a multiple-flash photographic sequence of a ball rolling from left to right on a soft surface. Plot the ball's position as a function of time.Data from Figure P2.19
The position of an object is given by \(x(t)=p+q t+r t^{2}\), with \(p=+0.20 \mathrm{~m}, q=-2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), and \(r=+2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). (a) Draw a graph of this
After a rocket is launched at \(t=0\), its position is given by \(x(t)=q t^{3}\), where \(q\) is some positive constant. (a) Sketch a graph of the rocket's position as a function of time. (b) What is
Consider the position function \(x(t)=p+q t+r t^{2}\) for a moving object, with \(p=+3.0 \mathrm{~m}, q=+2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), and \(r=-5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). (a) What is the
The motion of some object is described by the equation \(x(t)=a t-b \sin (c t)\), where \(a=1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}, b=2.0 \mathrm{~m}\), and \(c=4 \pi \mathrm{s}^{-1}\). This motion is being
In the Midwest, you sometimes see large marks painted on the highway shoulder. How can police patrols flying overhead use these marks to check for speeders?
Calculate the average speed for the runners in the following races: (a) \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) in \(9.84 \mathrm{~s}\), (b) \(200 \mathrm{~m}\) in \(19.32 \mathrm{~s}\), (c) \(400 \mathrm{~m}\) in
(a) Can two cars traveling in opposite directions on a highway have the same speed? (b) Can they have the same velocity?
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 2. 27\) is based on a multiple-flash photographic sequence, taken at equal time intervals, of a ball rolling on a smooth surface from right to left. (a) Argue that the ball moves
Can the average speed of an object moving in one direction ever be larger than the object's maximum speed?
Figure P2.29 shows position as a function of time for two cars traveling along the same highway. (a) At what instant(s) are the cars next to each other? (b) At what instant(s) are they traveling at
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 2. 30\) is based on two multiple-flash photographic sequences of a hockey puck sliding on ice. Sequence \(a\) was shot at 30 flashes per second, and sequence \(b\) was shot at 20
A cyclist takes \(10 \mathrm{~min}\) to ride from point \(A\) to point \(B\) and then another \(10 \mathrm{~min}\) to continue on from point \(B\) to point \(C\), all along a straight line. If you
In a road rally race, you are told to drive half the trip at \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and half the trip at \(35 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). It's not clear from the directions whether this
A bicycle racer rides from a starting marker to a turnaround marker at \(10.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). She then rides back along the same route from the turnaround marker to the starting marker at
You walk \(1.25 \mathrm{~km}\) from home to a restaurant in \(20 \mathrm{~min}\), stay there for \(1.0 \mathrm{~h}\), and then take another \(20 \mathrm{~min}\) to walk back home. (a) What is your
You are going to visit your grandparents, who live \(500 \mathrm{~km}\) away. As you drive on the freeway, your speed is a constant \(100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). Half an hour after you leave
You and your brother both leave your house at the same instant and drive in separate cars along a straight highway to a nearby lake. After \(10 \mathrm{~min}\), you are both \(3.0 \mathrm{~km}\) from
You are standing on a sidewalk that runs east-west. Consider these instructions I might give you: (1) Walk 15 steps along the sidewalk and stop. (2) Walk 15 steps westward on the sidewalk and stop.
What is the \(x\) component of \((a)(+3 \mathrm{~m}) \hat{t},(b)(+3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{t}\), and \((c)(-3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{\imath}\) ?
What is the magnitude of \((a)(+3 \mathrm{~m}) \hat{i},(b)(+3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{t}\), and \((c)(-3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}) \hat{n}\) ?
Vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) each have a magnitude of \(5 \mathrm{~m}\) and point to the left. Vector \(\vec{A}\) begins at the origin, while vector \(\vec{B}\) begins at a location \(8
Vector \(\vec{A}\) points to the right, as does the positive \(x\) axis. (a) Express this vector in unit vector notation. (b) Now flip \(\vec{A}\) to the opposite direction. Express it in unit vector
Consider two vectors along the \(x\) axis, one with \(x\) component \(A_{x}=+3 \mathrm{~m}\) and the other with \(x\) component \(B_{x}=-5 \mathrm{~m}\). What are \((a) \vec{A}+\vec{B}\) and \((b)
You stop to rest while climbing a vertical \(10-\mathrm{m}\) pole. With the origin at the level of your head and with the positive \(x\) direction upward, as shown in Figure P2.43, what are (a) the
The height \(x\) above the ground of a vertically launched projectile is given by \(x(t)=p t-q t^{2}\), with \(p=42 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and \(q=4.9 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). (a) At what
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 2. 45\) shows the \(x\) coordinate as a function of time for a moving object. What is the object's \(x\) coordinate \((a)\) at t=0, (b) t=0.20s, and (c) t=1.2s? What is the
Arrange three displacement vectors, of magnitudes \(2 \mathrm{~m}\), \(5 \mathrm{~m}\), and \(7 \mathrm{~m}\), so that their sum is \((a)(+10 \mathrm{~m}) \hat{\imath}\), (b) \((-4 \mathrm{~m})
The direction of vector \(\vec{A}\) is opposite the direction of the unit vector \(\hat{i}\). Vector \(\vec{B}\) has half the magnitude of \(\vec{A}\), and \(\vec{A}-\vec{B}\) is a vector of
You have to deliver some \(5.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) packages from your home to two locations. You drive for \(2.0 \mathrm{~h}\) at \(25 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}\) due east (call this segment 1 of your
(a) In Figure P2.49, what vector must you add to \(\vec{A}\) to get \(\vec{C}\) ? (b) What vector must you subtract from \(\vec{A}\) to get \(\vec{C}\) ? Sketch your answers on a copy of the figure
You drive due east at \(40 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) for \(2.0 \mathrm{~h}\) and then stop. (a) What is your speed during the trip? (b) Is speed a scalar or a vector? (c) How far have you gone? Is
For the motion represented in Figure P2.45, calculate(a) the object's average velocity between \(t=0\) and \(t=1.2 \mathrm{~s}\), (b) its average speed during this same time interval.(c) Why is the
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 2. 52\) is the position-versus-time graph for a moving object. What is the object's average velocity(a) between \(t=0\) and \(t=1.0 \mathrm{~s},(b) between \(t=0\) and \(t=4.0
You normally drive a 12 -h trip at an average speed of \(100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). Today you are in a hurry. During the first two-thirds of the distance, you drive at \(108 \mathrm{~km} /
A cart starts at position \(x=-2.073 \mathrm{~m}\) and travels along the \(x\) axis with a constant \(x\) component of velocity of \(-4.02 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the position of the cart
A bug on a windowsill walks at \(10 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{s}\) from left to right for \(120 \mathrm{~mm}\), slows to \(6.0 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{s}\) and conrinues rightward for another \(3.0
You and a friend work in buildings four equal-length blocks apart, and you plan to meet for lunch. Your friend strolls leisurely at \(1.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), while you like a brisker pace of
Figure P2.57 shows the velocity-versus-time graphs for objects \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\) moving along an \(x\) axis. Which object has the greater displacement over the time interval shown in
Figure P2.58 shows the \(x\) component of the velocity as a function of time for objects A and B. Which object has the greater displacement over the time interval shown in the graph?Data from Figure
An object moving along an \(x\) axis starts out at \(x=-10 \mathrm{~m}\). Using its velocity-versus-time graph in Figure P2.59, draw a graph of the object's \(x\) coordinate as a function of
You and a friend ride bicycles to school. Both of you start at the same instant from your house, you riding at \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and your friend riding at \(15 \mathrm{~m} /
You are going on a bicycle ride with a friend. You start \(3.0 \mathrm{~min}\) ahead of her from her carport, pedal at \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) for \(10 \mathrm{~min}\), then stop and chat
You and your roommate are moving to a city \(320 \mathrm{mi}\) away. Your roommate drives a rental truck at a constant \(60 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}\), and you drive your car at \(70 \mathrm{mi} /
You are jogging eastward at an average speed of \(2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Once you are \(2.0 \mathrm{~km}\) from your home, you turn around and begin jogging westward, back to your house. At
Which of these quantities depend on the choice of origin in a coordinate system: position, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity?
A dragster's position as a function of time is given by \(x(t)=b t^{3 / 2}\), where \(b=30.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3 / 2}\). Calculate the \(x\) component of its velocity at \(1.0 \mathrm{~s}\)
A mouse runs along a baseboard in your house. The mouse's position as a function of time is given by \(x(t)=p t^{2}+q t\), with \(p=0.40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) and \(q=-1.20 \mathrm{~m} /
Car A is spotted passing car B just east of Westerville at exactly 2:00 p.m. The same two cars are then spotted next to each other just west of Easterville at exactly 3:00 p.m. If car \(B\) had a
The motion of an electron is given by \(x(t)=p t^{3}+q t^{2}+r\), with \(p=-2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}, q=+1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\), and \(r=+9.0 \mathrm{~m}\). Determine its velocity
The car in Figure P2.69 passes a bright streetlight at constant speed, casting a shadow on a wall on the other side of the street. For simplicity, assume that car and light are at the same height.
The position of a \(6.0-\mathrm{kg}\) shopping cart rolling down a ramp is given by \(x(t)=p+q t^{2}\), with \(p=+1.50 \mathrm{~m}\) and \(q=+2.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). What is the \(x\)
You leave Fort Worth, Texas, at 2:38 p.m. and arrive in Dallas at 3:23 p.m., covering a distance of \(58 \mathrm{~km}\). What is your average speed \((a)\) in meters per second and \((b)\) in miles
In a footrace between two runners, is it possible for the second-place finisher to have a greater speed at the finish line than the winner?
You wish to describe the position of the base of the pole in Figure P2,43 using the indicated coordinate system. What are \((a)\) the position coordinate of the base, \((b)\) the position vector of
Runners \(P, Q\), and \(R\) run a \(5-\mathrm{km}\) race in 15,20 , and \(25 \mathrm{~min}\), respectively, each at a constant speed. When runner \(Q\) crosses the \(1-\mathrm{km}\) mark, what is the
Runners \(\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}\), and \(\mathrm{C}\) run a \(100-\mathrm{m}\) race, each at a constant speed. Runner A takes first place, beating runner B by \(10 \mathrm{~m}\). Runner \(B\) takes
At \(t=0\), car A passes a milepost at constant speed \(v_{A}\), Car B passes the same milepost at constant speed \(v_{\mathrm{B}}>v_{\mathrm{A}}\) after a time interval \(\Delta t\) has elapsed. (a)
You and your friend are running at a long racetrack. You pass the starting line while running at a constant \(4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Fifteen seconds later, your friend passes the starting
You drive an old car on a straight, level highway at \(45 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}\) for \(10 \mathrm{mi}\), and then the car stalls. You leave the car and, continuing in the direction in which you
A car's speed during the interval \(t=0.5 \mathrm{~s}\) to \(t=20 \mathrm{~s}\) is given by \(t=c \sqrt{t}\), where \(c\) is a constant. Over the interval \(t=10 \mathrm{~s}\) to \(t=20
The following equations give the \(x\) component of the position for four objects as functions of time:(a) Which objects have a velocity that changes with time? (b) Which object is at the origin at
A furniture mover is lifting a small safe by pulling on a rope threaded through the pulley system shown in Figure P2.81. (a) What is the ratio of the vertical distance the safe moves to the length of
Two steamrollers begin \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) apart and head toward each other, each at a constant speed of \(1.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). At the same instant, a fly that travels at a constant speed
Consider a \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) object that moves along the \(x\) axis according to the expression \(x(t)=c t^{3}\), where \(c=+0.120 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}\). (a) Determine the \(x\) component
The position of a yo-yo as a function of time is given by \(x(t)=A \cos (p t+q)\), where \(A=0.60 \mathrm{~m}, p=\frac{1}{2} \pi \mathrm{s}^{-1}\), and \(q=\frac{1}{2} \pi\). (a) Plot this function
Zeno, a Greek philosopher and mathematician, was famous for his paradoxes, one of which can be paraphrased as follows: A runner has a race of length \(d\) to run. After an elapsed time interval
Four traffic lights on a stretch of road are spaced \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) apart. There is a 10-s lag time between successive green lights: The second light turns green \(10 \mathrm{~s}\) after the
Hare and Tortoise of Aesop's fable fame are having a rematch, a mile-long race. Hare has planned more carefully this time. Five minutes into the race, he figures he can take a \(40-\mathrm{min}\) nap
Two runners are in a \(100-\mathrm{m}\) race. Runner \(\mathrm{A}\) can run this distance in \(12.0 \mathrm{~s}\), but runner B takes \(13.5 \mathrm{~s}\) on a good day. To make the race interesting,
You are on planet Dither, whose inhabitants often change their minds on how to choose a reference axis. At time \(t=0\), while standing \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) to the left of the origin of a reference
Your dream job as a 12-ycar-old was to sit at a computer at NASA mission control and guide the motion of the Mars rover across the Martian surface \(2.0 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~km}\) away.
You are a driver for Ace Mining Company. The boss insists that, every hour on the hour, a loaded truck leaves the mine at \(90.0 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\), carrying ore to a mill \(630
The curve in Figure 2.8 is a graphical representation of the motion of a certain object. (a) What was the \(x\) coordinate of the object at \(t=0.50 \mathrm{~s}\) ? (b) At what instant(s) did the
The curve in Figure 2.8 can be mathematically represented by the function \(x(t)=a+b t+c t^{2}\), where \(a=0.50 \mathrm{~m}\), \(b=+2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), and \(c=-2.0 \mathrm{~m} /
With about \(20 \mathrm{~min}\) to spare, you walk leisurely from your dorm to class, which is \(1.0 \mathrm{~km}\) away. Halfway there, you realize you have forgotten your notebook and run back to
(a) Is the statement Yesterday the car was parked \(3 \mathrm{~m}\) from the telephone pole sufficient to determine the position of the car? Is position a scalar or a vector? (b) Is the statement New
(a) An object moves from an initial position at \(x_{\mathrm{i}}=+3.1 \mathrm{~m}\) to a final position at \(x_{f}=+1.4 \mathrm{~m}\). What is the \(x\) component of the object's displacement? (b)
An object moves from point \(\mathrm{P}\) at \(x=+2.3 \mathrm{~m}\) to point \(\mathrm{Q}\) at \(x=+4.1 \mathrm{~m}\) and then to point \(\mathrm{R}\) at \(x=+1.5 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What is the \(x\)
Suppose the \(x\) coordinate of the position of an object moving along the \(x\) axis varies in time according to the expression \(x(t)=c t^{3}\), where \(c\) is a constant. Derive an expression for
Describe the motion represented by each graph in Figure 2. 14.Data from Figure 2. 14 (a) (b) 2 (c) (d) LELL
One or more of the graphs in Figure \(\mathbf{2} .15\) represent an impossible motion. Identify which ones and explain why the motion is not possible.Data from Figure 2. 15 (b) (c) (d)
Two cars start from some point P, drive \(10 \mathrm{~km}\) to a point \(Q\), and then return to \(\mathrm{P}\). Car 1 completes the trip in \(10 \mathrm{~min}\); car 2 takes \(11 \mathrm{~min}\).
Suppose you travel \(10 \mathrm{~km}\) from \(\mathrm{P}\) to \(\mathrm{Q}\) at \(10 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) and another \(10 \mathrm{~km}\) from \(\mathrm{Q}\) to \(\mathrm{R}\) at \(20
Figure \(P 3. 1\) is based on a multiple-flash photographic sequence of an object moving from left to right on a track, as seen from above. The time intervals between successive flashes are all the
A car is traveling north. What are the direction of its acceleration and the direction of its velocity \((a)\) if it is speeding up and \((b)\) if it is slowing down?

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