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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Figure P3.3 shows a series of photographs of a racehorse taken in 1877 by Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904). Muybridge used multiple, equally spaced cameras triggered sequentially at equal time
Figure P3.4 shows a graph of position as a function of time for an object moving along a horizontal surface. At which of the labeled points is the object speeding up?Data from Figure P3.4 x (m) 60 50
While you are driving on a highway, a friend in another car passes you at a steady speed. You accelerate at a constant rate to catch up. When you do catch up, are your two cars going the same speed?
The position of a person pacing in a hall is given by the \(x(t)\) curve in Figure P3.6. During which time interval(s) is the acceleration (a) positive(b) negative?(c) Is the acceleration ever zero
You enter an elevator on the ground (first) floor and ride it to the 19 th floor. Describe your acceleration at the different stages of this trip.
Figure P3.8 shows the position curves for two carts, A and \(\mathrm{B}\), moving on parallel tracks along a horizontal surface. The instant when the two carts are at the same distance from their
Two cars are headed south on the highway at different speeds. Starting when the faster car pulls alongside the slower car, one of the cars accelerates northward for \(5.0 \mathrm{~s}\) and the other
Is it true that a pebble released from rest off a bridge falls \(9.8 \mathrm{~m}\) in the first second of its fall?
(a) What is the average speed, over the first \(1.0 \mathrm{~s}\) of its motion, of a pebble released from rest off a bridge? (b) What is the pebble's average speed over the second \(1.0
You toss a (wrapped) sandwich to a friend leaning out of a window \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) above you, throwing just hard enough for it to reach her. At the same instant, she drops a silver dollar to you.
Suppose that the acceleration due to gravity near Earth's surface was cut in half (to about \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) ). How would this affect the graphs shown in Figure 3. 6, assuming that
A photographer shows you a multiple-flash photographic sequence of a ball traveling vertically (Figure P3.14). (a) If the ball is traveling downward, what is the correct orientation of the picture?
A cannonball is shot straight up at an initial speed of \(98 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What are its velocity and its speed after(a) 5.0 s,(b) 10 s,(c) 15 s, and(d) 20 s?
A coin flipped in the air from elbow height lands on the ground \(1.8 \mathrm{~s}\) later. Did the coin reach its highest position \(0.9 \mathrm{~s}\) after it started moving up, earlier than that,
Is it possible for an object to have \((a)\) zero velocity and nonzero acceleration or \((b)\) nonzero velocity and zero acceleration? If you answer yes in either part, give examples to support your
How would graphs \(c\) and \(d\) in Figure 3. 8 be different if the same experiment was conducted on the surface of the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is six times less than it is on
You throw snowballs down to the sidewalk from the roof of a building. Which technique, if either, makes the snowballs land with more speed: throwing them straight down as hard as you can or throwing
You are standing by a window and see a ball, thrown from below, moving up past the window. The ball is visible for a time interval \(\Delta t_{\text {up. }}\). On its way back down the ball passes
For an object in free fall, the curve of its velocity as a function of time is a straight line. How would this curve be different when air resistance (which changes with speed) is not negligible?
When air resistance is ignored, it is straightforward to calculate the travel time interval for a Ping-Pong ball tossed up into the air and caught on its way down because the acceleration can be
Draw a motion diagram for a car that starts from rest and accelerates at \(4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) for \(10 \mathrm{~s}\).
A car accelerating from rest at constant acceleration reaches a speed of \(30 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) in \(5.0 \mathrm{~s}\). Draw a motion diagram for the car.
The motion of a cart moving along a horizontal surface is described by the motion diagram shown in Figure P3.25a. The position of the cart is measured every \(0.5 \mathrm{~s}\). Asked to suggest a
Draw a motion diagram for a car that starts from rest and accelerates at \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) for \(6.0 \mathrm{~s}\), then travels with constant speed for \(10 \mathrm{~s}\), and
A ball you throw straight up has a speed of \(30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) when it leaves your hand. Draw a motion diagram for the ball up to the instant at which it has a speed of \(30 \mathrm{~m}
Figure \(\mathrm{P} 3. 28\) shows motion diagrams for two cars, \(\mathrm{A}\) and \(\mathrm{B}\), beginning a race. The diagrams show the position of each car at instants separated by equal time
You start your car from rest and accelerate at a constant rate along a straight path. Your speed is \(20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) after \(1.0 \mathrm{~min}\). (a) What is your acceleration? (b) How
You and your little brother are rolling toy cars back and forth to each other across the floor. He is sitting at \(x=0\), and you are at \(x=4.0 \mathrm{~m}\). You roll a car toward him, giving it an
An electron is accelerated from rest to \(3.0 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(5.0 \times 10^{-8} \mathrm{~s}\).(a) What distance does the electron travel in this time interval? (b)
Figure P3.32 shows a graph of velocity as a function of time for a cart moving along a horizontal surface. When asked to describe the motion that resulted in this graph, a student states, "The cart
(a) How do you determine an object's displacement from a velocity-versus-time graph? (b) What distance does a car travel as its speed changes from 0 to \(20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(10
On a freeway entrance ramp, you accelerate your \(1200-\mathrm{kg}\) car from \(5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to \(20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) over \(500 \mathrm{~m}\). Having an open lane, you
In an introductory physics laboratory, a student drops a steel ball of radius \(15 \mathrm{~mm}\), and a device records its position as a function of time. The clock on the device is set so that
Which car has the greater acceleration magnitude: one that accelerates from 0 to \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(50 \mathrm{~m}\) or one that accelerates from \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to
An electron in an old-fashioned television picture tube is accelerated, at a constant rate, from \(2.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to \(1.0 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in a
In a car moving at constant acceleration, you travel \(250 \mathrm{~m}\) between the instants at which the speedometer reads \(40 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) and \(60 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). (a)
Based on the \(v(t)\) curve in Figure P3.39, explain whether each of these statements is necessarily true for the time interval shown: (a) The acceleration is constant. (b) The object passes through
In October 1997, Andy Green broke the sound barrier on land in a jet-powered car traveling at \(763 \mathrm{mi} / \mathrm{h}\) over a \(1.0-\mathrm{mi}\) course. As it arrived at the beginning of
You jump on your bicycle, ride at a constant acceleration of \(0.60 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) for \(20 \mathrm{~s}\), and then continue riding at a constant velocity for \(200 \mathrm{~m}\). You
In rush-hour traffic, the car in front of you suddenly puts on the brakes. You apply your brakes \(0.50 \mathrm{~s}\) later. The accelerations of the two cars are the same. Does the distance between
Two cars are moving at \(97 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\), one behind the other, on a rural road. A deer jumps in front of the lead car, and its driver slams on the brakes and stops. What minimum
As a physics instructor hurries to the bus stop, her bus passes her, stops ahead, and begins loading passengers. She runs at \(6.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to catch the bus, but the door closes
The day after the incident described in Problem 44, the instructor finds herself in the same situation. This time, she tries a harder physics exercise. She keeps running at a constant \(6.0
(a) How many seconds does it take a pebble released from rest off a bridge to fall \(9.8 \mathrm{~m}\) ? (b) What is the pebble's speed when it has fallen \(9.8 \mathrm{~m}\) ?
Calculated using the value \(g=9.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\), the time interval required for an object released from rest at some arbitrary point \(\mathrm{A}\) above the ground to reach the
A mortar-style fireworks shell is launched upward at \(35 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Draw a motion diagram showing the position of the shell and its velocity vector at \(t=0,1 \mathrm{~s}, 2
The distance a ball thrown upward and released at \(t=0\) travels between \(t=3.0 \mathrm{~s}\) and \(t=4.0 \mathrm{~s}\) is the same as the distance the ball travels between \(t=2.0 \mathrm{~s}\)
You toss a ball straight up, and it reaches a maximum height \(b\) above the launch position. If you want to double the length of the time interval during which the ball stays in the air above the
(a) With what minimum speed must a ball be thrown straight up in order to reach a height of \(25 \mathrm{~m}\) above the launch position? (b) How many seconds does the ball take to reach this height?
A snowshoer falls off a ridge into a snow bank \(3.6 \mathrm{~m}\) below and penetrates \(0.80 \mathrm{~m}\) into the snow before stopping. What is her average acceleration in the snow bank?
You are on the second floor of a building under construction, laying bricks of dimensions \(63 \mathrm{~mm} \times 89 \mathrm{~mm} \times 170 \mathrm{~mm}\). At your command, a coworker below tosses
A rocket ignited on the ground travels vertically upward with an acceleration of magnitude \(4 \mathrm{~g}\). A spent rocket stage detaches from the payload after the rocket has accelerated for \(5.0
Show that the distances traveled by a falling rock in successive 1-s intervals after release are in the ratio \(1: 3: 5: 7 \ldots\).
A hot-air balloon takes off from the ground traveling vertically with a constant upward acceleration of magnitude \(g / 4\). After time interval \(\Delta t\), a crew member releases a ballast sandbag
A rock dropped from the top of a building takes \(0.50 \mathrm{~s}\) to fall the last \(50 \%\) of the distance from the top to the ground. How tall is the building?
A hot-air balloon of diameter \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) rises vertically at a constant speed of \(12 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). A passenger accidentally drops his camera from the railing of the basket when
A ball tossed vertically upward from the ground next to a building passes the bottom of a window \(1.8 \mathrm{~s}\) after being tossed and passes the top of the window \(0.20 \mathrm{~s}\) later.
What is the magnitude of the acceleration of a \(65-\mathrm{kg}\) skier moving down a hill that makes a \(45^{\circ}\) angle with the horizontal? Ignore friction.
Starting from rest, a cart takes \(1.25 \mathrm{~s}\) to slide \(1.80 \mathrm{~m}\) down an inclined low-friction track. What is the angle of incline of the track with respect to the horizontal?
Imagine that in his experiment with balls rolling down an inclined plane, Galileo had considered balls that were given an initial speed. Would he have reached different conclusions about the ratio of
A worker releases boxes at the top of a ramp. From the bottom of the ramp the boxes slide \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) across the floor to a barrier wall. If the ramp is at an elevation angle of
A man steps outside one winter day to go to work. His icy driveway is \(8.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long from top to mailbox, and it slopes downward at \(20^{\circ}\) from the horizontal. He sets his briefcase
You and a friend ride what are billed as the "world's longest slides" at a county fair. Your slide is \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) long, and your trip takes \(10 \mathrm{~s}\), including any effect of
Two children at a playground slide from rest down slides that are of equal height but are inclined at different angles with respect to the horizontal (Figure P3.66). Ignoring friction, at height
You are playing air hockey with a friend. The puck is sitting at rest in his goal when he suddenly lifts his end of the table by \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\). The puck slides down the tilted surface into
A block has an initial speed of \(6.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) up an inclined plane that makes an angle of \(37^{\circ}\) with the horizontal. Ignoring friction, what is the block's speed after it
A box is at the lower end of a very slippery ramp of length \(\ell\) that makes a nonzero angle \(\theta\) with the horizontal. A worker wants to give the box a quick shove so that it reaches the top
A skier is at the top of a run that consists of two slopes having different inclines (Figure P3.70). The skier lets go, beginning the run with essentially zero speed. Ignoring friction, what are (a)
A ball is projected vertically upward from an initial position \(5.0 \mathrm{~m}\) above the ground (Figure P3.71). At the same instant, a cube is released from rest down an ice-covered incline, from
You hold a puck at the top of an ice-covered ramp inclined at \(60^{\circ}\) with respect to the vertical. Your friend stands nearby on level ground and holds a ball at the same height \(h\) above
A child on a sled slides down an icy slope, starting at a speed of \(2.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The slope makes a \(15^{\circ}\) angle with the horizontal. After sliding \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) down
You throw a ball straight up with an initial speed of \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\).(a) What is the ball's instantaneous acceleration at instant \(t_{1}\), just after it leaves your hand; at
A particle is accelerated such that its position as a function of time is given by \(\vec{x}=b t^{3} \hat{t}\), with \(b=1.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}\). What is the particle's acceleration as a
Figure P3.76 shows graphs of the \(x\) component of acceleration as a function of time for two different carts rolling along a flat horizontal table. In which case is the change in the \(x\)
The position of a cart on a low-friction track can be represented by the equation \(x(t)=b+c t+e t^{2}\), where \(b=4.00 \mathrm{~m}, c=6.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), and \(e=0.200 \mathrm{~m} /
A particle moves in the \(x\) direction according to the equation \(x(t)=b t^{3}+c t^{2}+d\), where \(b=4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}\), \(c=-10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\), and \(d=20
A rocket's \(x\) component of acceleration is given by \(a_{x}=b t\), where \(b=1.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}\). The rocket begins accelerating from rest at \(t=0\).(a) What is its \(x\)
The acceleration of a particular car during braking has magnitude \(b t\), where \(t\) is the time in seconds from the instant the car begins braking, and \(b=2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}\). If
A car is \(12 \mathrm{~m}\) from the bottom of a ramp that is \(8.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long at its base and \(6.0 \mathrm{~m}\) high (Figure P3.81). The car moves from rest toward the ramp with an
In a laboratory experiment, a sphere of diameter \(8.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) is released from rest at \(t=0\) at the surface of honey in a jar, and the sphere's downward speed \(v\) when it travels in the
A video recording of a moving object shows the object moving up and down with a velocity given by \(v_{x}(t)=\) \(v_{\max } \cos (\omega t)\), where \(v_{\max }=1.20 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and
The motion of a particle in the \(x\) direction can be described by the equation \(x(t)=b t^{2}+c t+d\), where \(b=0.35 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}, c=6.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), and \(d=30
It takes you \(7.0 \mathrm{~m}\) to brake to a panic stop from a speed of \(9.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Using the same acceleration, how far do you go as you brake to a panic stop from a speed of
A person standing on a building ledge throws a ball vertically from a launch position \(45 \mathrm{~m}\) above the ground. If it takes \(2.0 \mathrm{~s}\) for the ball to hit the ground, \((a)\) with
A bullet fired straight through a board \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) thick strikes the board with a speed of \(480 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), has constant acceleration through the board, and emerges with a
During a blackout, you are trapped in a tall building. You want to call rescuers on your cell phone, but you can't remember which floor you're on. You pry open the doors to the elevator shaft, drop
Starting from rest, a motorcycle moves with constant acceleration along a highway entrance ramp \(0.22 \mathrm{~km}\) long. The motorcycle enters the traffic stream on the highway \(14.0
Hold a dollar bill with its short sides parallel to the floor, and have a friend hold the thumb and forefinger of one hand on either side of the bottom edge, with the thumb and finger about \(20
A mortar-style fireworks shell, launched vertically, must be detonated at a height of \(100 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) If the shell is to detonate at the top of its trajectory, what must its launch speed be?
A rock dropped from the top of a building travels \(30 \mathrm{~m}\) in the last second before it hits the ground. How high is the building?
A ball launched directly upward from the ground at an initial speed of \(24.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) hits the ground \(5.0 \mathrm{~s}\) later. What are(a) the ball's upward position 1. 0, 2. 0,
After landing on Mars, you drop a marker from the door of your landing module and observe that it takes \(2.1 \mathrm{~s}\) to fall to the ground. When you dropped the marker from the module door on
A very elastic rubber ball dropped from a height of \(2.1 \mathrm{~m}\) rebounds to \(88 \%\) of its original height. If the ball is in contact with the floor for \(0.013 \mathrm{~s}\), what is its
You are standing on a bridge holding a rock \(15.0 \mathrm{~m}\) above the water. (a) How many seconds after you let go of the rock do you hear it splash into the water? Take the speed of sound to be
An elevator cable breaks, and the elevator car falls four floors (from rest) before the emergency brakes kick in. If the car falls one more floor before it stops, what is its average acceleration
A car initially traveling with velocity \(\vec{v}\), slows down at constant acceleration and stops. (a) Sketch a graph of \(v_{x}(x)\), the car's \(x\) component of velocity as a function of
A theorist has predicted a form of matter, called X-matter, that is gravitationally attracted to other X-matter but gravitationally repels ordinary matter. On a planet made of X-matter, an object
A spaceship lifts off vertically with constant acceleration and reaches a speed of \(300 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) in \(1.0 \mathrm{~min}\). What are the ship's (a) average acceleration, \((b)\)
From a promontory overhanging a lake, you throw a stone that enters the water vertically at \(15.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). You hear the splash \(2.68 \mathrm{~s}\) after you release the stone.
Your state's Driver Handbook says, "When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point such as a sign, count 'one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two, one-thousand-three.' This takes about three

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