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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A falling rock hits the ground at a speed of \(16 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). How many seconds were needed for the rock to fall the last \(12 \mathrm{~m}\) ?
You want to determine whether a tall tree will fit onto your 75 - \(\mathrm{m}\)-long logging trailer after you cut it down. You throw a rock straight up with a speed great enough that the rock just
Your cousin is always bragging about how high his model rockets go, so you go shopping. None of the brands specify altitude, but you do find three models in your price range with comparable technical
You are enjoying a coffee break with your cousin in her highway patrol car when a sports car speeds by at \(135 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). Your cousin tells you to hold her coffee as she starts the
At the drag races, three physics students note that the winning dragster in one category has a speed of 215 mi/h at the end of its quarter-mile run. The run takes \(6.30 \mathrm{~s}\), and the car,
You are touring a distant planet on which the magnitude of the free-fall acceleration is \(65.0 \%\) of what it is on Earth. For a little excitement, you jump off a precipice \(500 \mathrm{~m}\)
A classmate leaves a message on your voice mail betting that you cannot throw a stone high enough so it lands on the roof of a 20 -m-high building. As you stare out of your window pondering whether
Which of the following statements are hypotheses? (a) Heavier objects fall to Earth faster than lighter ones. (b) The planet Mars is inhabited by invisible beings that are able to elude any type of
A battery-operated wall clock no longer keeps timeneither hand moves. Develop a hypothesis explaining why it fails to work, and then make a prediction that permits you to test your hypothesis.
Does the snowflake have rotational symmetry in Figure 1.6? If yes, describe the ways in which the flake can be rotated without changing its appearance. Does it have reflection symmetry? If yes,
If all the matter in the observable universe were squeczed together as tightly as the matter in the nucleus of an atom, what order of magnitude would the diameter of the universe be?
For a physics laboratory assignment, one end of a spring is attached to a horizontal rod so that the spring hangs vertically, and a ruler is hung vertically alongside the spring. The stretching
Convert each quantity to a quantity expressed either in meters or in meters raised to some power: (a) 4.5 in., (b) 3.2 acres, (c) \(32 \mathrm{mi}\), (d) 3.0 pints.
(a) How many significant digits are there in \(403.54 \mathrm{~kg}, 3.010 \times 10^{57} \mathrm{~m}\), \(2.43 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~s}, 14.00 \mu \mathrm{m}, 0.0140 \mathrm{~s}, 5300
Calculate: (a) f=a (b c), where \(a=2.34 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}, b=54.26 \mathrm{~m}\), and \(c=0.14 \mu \mathrm{m}\);(b) \(g=k t^{3}\), where \(k=1.208 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~s}^{-3}\) and \(t=2.84
Consider writing a book for high-school graduates in the United States who are planning to take a ycar off-sometimes called a gap year-before enrolling in college. There are currently no similar
Two children in a playground swing on two swings of unequal length. The child on the shorter swing is considerably heavier than the child on the longer swing. You observe that the longer swing swings
What symmetries do you observe in the quilt patterns of Figure 1. 14? Figure 1.14 (a) (b) 9 (d)
Give the order of magnitude of these quantities in meters or seconds: (a) length of a football field, \((b)\) height of a mature tree, \((c)\) one week, \((d)\) one year.
Starting from the first floor, an elevator stops at floors \(5,2,4,3,6\), and 4 (in that order) before returning to the first floor. (a) Represent this motion visually. (b) If the floors are evenly
In a discussion of what holds airplanes aloft, a classmate offers this hypothesis: "Airplanes are held up by an undetectable force field produced by magnets." Which word in this statement is most
An advertisement for a food product states that it contains 50 % less fat per serving than a competing product. What assumptions are you making if you accept the claim as valid?
You are asked to predict the next item in the following sequence of integers: 1,2,3. If your prediction is 4 , what assumptions did you make?
Two coins together have a value of 30 cents but one of them is not a nickel. If the checkpoint said instead that "neither coin is worth 5 cents," what hidden assumptions might prevent you from
In a 4-by-4 Sudoku puzzle with one 2 -by-2 subsquare filled in as shown in Figure P1.5, how many ways are there to complete the puzzle? (In Sudoku, the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 must appear only once in each
How many axes of reflection symmetry does the triangle in Figure P1.6 have? Restrict your answer to axes that lie in the plane of the triangle. Figure P1.6
How many axes of rotational symmetry does a right circular cone have?
Three identical coins are positioned on a grid as shown in Figure P1.8. Where would you place a fourth coin to form a coin arrangement that has both reflection symmetry and a 90° rotational
Describe the reflection symmetry of each of the letters in the word below: TABLES
Which types of geometrical symmetry mentioned in this chapter does a sphere have?
How many axes of reflection symmetry does a cube have? How many axes of rotational symmetry?
Suppose you have a square of paper with a single vertical line down the middle and a single horizontal line across the middle. The upper left square is blank. The lower left and upper right squares
A cube is placed on a table with a green side facing up. You know that the side facing down is also green but has a red dot in the middle of the green face. From where you are sitting, you can sec
Traveling at 299,792,458 m/s, how far does light travel in 78 years?
The Sun is approximately 93 million miles from Earth.(a) What is this distance in millimeters?(b) How many Earths could fit side by side in this distance? (The radius of Earth is about 4000 mi, or
Figure 1. 9 tells us that a human contains \(10^{29}\) atoms and a blue whale contains \(10^{32}\) atoms. Use these values to determine the ratio of the length of a blue whale to the height of a
A gastrotrich is a small aquatic organism with a life span of about 3 days, and a giant tortoise has an average life span of 100 years. Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the number of
You measure the diameter of a drop of water to be \(3 \mathrm{~mm}\). Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of how many such drops are contained in all the water in your body.
If you could stack copies of your physics textbook until they reached the Moon, what is the order of magnitude of the number of books you would need?
How many water molecules are there in a swimming pool that is \(15 \mathrm{~m}\) long, \(8.5 \mathrm{~m}\) wide, and \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}\) deep?
Cube 1 has side \(\ell_{1}\) and volume \(V_{1}\). Cube 2 has side \(\ell_{2}=2 \ell_{1}\). (a) When making order-of-magnitude estimates, by how many orders of magnitude is the volume of the second
Earth requires approximately 365 days to orbit the Sun along a path that can be approximated by a circle with a radius of \(1.50 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~km}\). Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of
While admiring a tree, you notice that the leaves form a more or less continuous spherical shell, with relatively few leaves growing in the shell interior. You estimate that the diameter of this
A human generation is about 30 years, and the age of the universe is \(10^{17} \mathrm{~s}\). How many human generations have there been since the beginning of the universe? (Ignore the fact that
You hear a peal of thunder and go to the window. You then see a flash of lightning. Is it reasonable to assume that the thunder caused the lightning?
A second is defined as the duration of \(9.19 \times 10^{9}\) periods of the radiation emitted by a cesium atom. What is the duration in seconds of a single period for this atom?
While watching a railroad crossing, you observe that a crossing barrier is lowered about \(30 \mathrm{~s}\) before a train passes. This happens every time for a long while, until suddenly after many
Assume the radiation from the cesium atom mentioned in Problem 26 moves at the speed of light. How many meters does the radiation travel in the length of time corresponding to the period calculated
Translate this statement into a mathematical expression, using any symbols you wish, but include a "key" to the meaning of each symbol: A certain type of energy of an object is equal to the object's
A planar shape is formed by joining the ends of four straight-line segments, two with length \(\ell\) and two with length \(2 \ell\). No loose ends are allowed, but crossings are allowed, and only
Four straight-line segments of length \(\ell\) lie in a plane and do not cross. One end of segment 1 is connected to one end of segment 2 such that they form a \(30^{\circ}\) interior angle. The
You are arranging family members for a photograph, and you want them to stand in order of increasing height. Your uncle is half a foot shorter than your aunt, who is taller than your cousin. Your
The Jupiter-Sun distance is 778 million kilometers, and the Earth-Sun distance is 150 million kilometers. Suppose an imaginary line from Jupiter to the Sun forms a right angle with an imaginary line
During a physics lab, you and your partner keep track of the position of a small cart while it is moving along a slope. The lab instructions ask you to prepare \((a)\) a pictorial representation of
The graph in Figure P1.35 shows a relationship between two quantities: position \(x\), measured in meters, and time \(t\), measured in seconds. Describe the relationship using (a) a verbal expression
You have four equilateral triangles, two red and two blue. You want to arrange them so that each blue triangle shares a side with the other blue triangle and with both red triangles, and each red
The world record in the long jump was recently set at \(8.95 \mathrm{~m}\). What is this distance in inches?
Planes fly at an altitude of \(35,000 \mathrm{ft}\) above sea level. What is this distance in miles? In meters?
A metal block of uniform mass density is cut into two pieces. How does the density of each piece compare with the density of the original block (a) if each piece has half the volume of the original
The speed of light is \(2.9979 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Convert this speed to miles per second, inches per nanosecond, and kilometers per hour.
Suppose you measure the mass and volume of two solid stones. Stone 1 has a mass of \(2.90 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~kg}\) and a volume of \(10.0 \mathrm{~cm}^{3}\). Stone 2 has a mass of \(2.50 \times
The Kentucky Derby horserace is 1. 000 mile and 440 yards long. Express this distance in feet.
You are doing a calculation in which you must add two quantities \(A\) and \(B\). You know that \(A\) can be expressed as \(A=\frac{1}{2} a t^{2}\), where \(a\) has units of meters per second squared
Both mass and volume can be used to describe the amount of matter present in an object. What physical quantity relates these two concepts?
(a) What is the speed of light in vacuum expressed to three significant digits? (b) What is the square of the speed of light in vacuum expressed to three significant digits? (c) Is the numerical
Express the distance of the Kentucky Derby in kilometers to the same number of significant digits needed to answer Problem 42.Data from Problem 42The Kentucky Derby horserace is 1. 000 mile and 440
You have \(245.6 \mathrm{~g}\) of sugar and wish to divide it evenly among six people. If you calculate how much sugar each person receives, how many significant digits does your answer have?
You are recording your car's gas mileage. Your odometer measures to the tenth of a mile. The gas station pump displays gallons of gasoline dispensed to the thousandth of a gallon. Given these levels
The odometer on your car says \(35,987.1 \mathrm{~km}\). To the correct number of significant digits, what should the odometer read after you drive another \(47.00 \mathrm{~m}\) ?
A certain brand of soft drink contains \(34 \mathrm{mg}\) of caffeine per \(355-\mathrm{mL}\) serving. If one mole of caffeine has a mass of \(194.19 \mathrm{~g}\) and you drink an average of two
You work in a hospital and are preparing a saline solution for a patient. This solution must have a concentration of \(0.15 \mathrm{~mol}\) of \(\mathrm{NaCl}\) (mass of one mole, \(58.44
You find a container of an unknown clear liquid. You are interested in its contents, but you have no chemical analysis devices at hand. You do have a good electronic scale, so you measure out
Suppose that, in a laboratory exercise, you add \(0.335 \mathrm{~g}\) of liquid to a \(145.67-\mathrm{g}\) ceramic bowl. After you heat the liquid for \(25.01 \mathrm{~s}\), you measure the mass of
A test question gives the mass density of seawater and asks what volume is occupied by \(1.0 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~kg}\) of seawater. Someone answers \(0.9843 \mathrm{~m}\). Without knowing the mass
You measure a watch's hour and minute hands to be \(8.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) and \(11.3 \mathrm{~mm}\) long, respectively. In one day, by how much does the distance traveled by the tip of the minute hand
An Olympic running track consists of two straight sections, each \(84.39 \mathrm{~m}\) long, and two semicircular ends, each with a radius of \(36.80 \mathrm{~m}\) as measured from the inside lane
You have three coins that are identical in appearance. One is counterfeit, and its mass is different from the mass of the two legitimate coins. You also have an equalarm balance (a device that
A certain type of rice has an average grain length and diameter of \(6 \mathrm{~mm}\) and \(2 \mathrm{~mm}\), respectively. One cup of this rice, after being cooked, contains about 785 food calories.
You add about \(10^{2}\) raisins to a loaf of bread you are baking. When fully baked, the loaf is hemispherical with a radius of about \(8 \mathrm{in}\). What is the order of magnitude of the average
A tree cut down for lumber has a diameter of \(0.80 \mathrm{~m}\) over its length of \(32 \mathrm{~m}\). About how many \(6-\mathrm{ft}\)-long, 2 -in. by 2 -in. boards can be made from this tree?
An urban legend making the rounds in quantitative reasoning classes is that a student paid for four years at a private university in the United States exclusively with redeemed deposits on soda cans
Computer hard drives have increased dramatically in capacity since their introduction in the \(1950 \mathrm{~s}\). The first commercial hard drive had a capacity of about 3. 8 MB stored on 50
Express the speed \(1.08243 \times 10^{19} \mathrm{~nm} / \mathrm{y}\) in meters per second.
A 200-sheet stack of loose-leaf paper is 2. 75 in. thick. What is the thickness in millimeters of one sheet?
A water tank is filled to its \(50 \times 10^{3}\)-L capacity. (a) What is the tank's volume in cubic millimeters? (b) What is the mass of the water in milligrams? (c) If you drank eight
You are working on an exhibit of the atom at a science museum. You want the exhibit to have a model of the atom in which the nucleus is big enough for visitors to see, about \(500 \mathrm{~mm}\) in
Recent experimental values for the universal gravitational constant, the mass and mean radius of Earth, and the standard gravitational acceleration areAssuming a spherical Earth, these quantities are
You are in charge of safety at a local park. A tire swing hangs from a tree branch by a \(5-\mathrm{m}\) rope, and the bottom of the tire is \(1 \mathrm{~m}\) from the ground directly beneath it. The
While working for a space agency, you are tasked with ensuring that the oxygen needs of human beings on long voyages in outer space are met. Your boss hands you a data table and suggests that you
Neutron stars can have a mass on the order of \(10^{30} \mathrm{~kg}\), but they have relatively small radii, on the order of tens of kilometers. (a) What order of magnitude is the mass density of a
Show that when the motion of nucleons within the nucleus is taken into account, the threshold energy E' for producing anti protons in the collision of protons with a nuclear target is given
Which of the following six decays are allowed in lowest-order weak interactions?(a) K+ → π+ + π+ + e− + ν̅e, (b) K− → π+ + π− + e− + ν̅e, (c) Ξ0 → Σ− + e+ +
The K+and its excited states with masses below 1.5 GeV/c2are shown in Figure 3.12. Identify these mesons with states2S+1LJof the appropriate quark€“anti quark system, specifying the value
If pp̅ annihilation at rest proceeds via S-states, explain why the reaction pp̅ → π0π0 is forbidden as a strong or electromagnetic interaction.
The reaction e+e− → τ+τ− is studied using a collider with equal beam energies of 5 GeV and with the collision point at the centre of the detector. The latter is of cylindrical construction
Estimate the mean distance travelled by a resonance produced in a reaction like (3.26a) with γ = E/m ≈ 10, before it decays by a process like (3.26b). Compare this with the shortest distance that
Show that for any electromagnetic potentials (É¸,A) there are many possible choices of gauge-transformed potentialssuch that the Lorentz condition (D.11) is satisfied. af φ=φ+ Ət A =
Show that Maxwell€™s equations in free space (D.9) reduce to (D.10) when expressed in terms of the potentials (D.4). ДА E = -Vø – дt (D.4) В - VхА. ▼ × B ƏB div B = 0, curl E
Verify that the Dirac equation in the presence of an electromagnetic field (D.18) is gauge invariant, as stated in the text. д + iqo ) V = -ia · (V – iqA) V + ßm¥, (D.18) дt
Verify (8.21b) by explicitly evaluating the integral (8.21a).

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