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chemistry the central science

Questions and Answers of Chemistry The Central Science

Which of the following solutions is the most acidic?(a) 0.2M LiOH(b) 0.2M HI(c) 1.0M methyl alcohol (CH3OH).
State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answer in each case.(a) Sulfuric acid is a monoprotic acid.(b) HCl is a weak acid.(c) Methanol is a base.
State whether each of the following statements is true or false. Justify your answer in each case.(a) NH3 contains no OH- ions, and yet its aqueous solutions are basic.(b) HF is a strong acid.(c)
True or false:(a) If a substance is oxidized, it is gaining electrons.(b) If an ion is oxidized, its oxidation number increases.
The following reactions (note that the arrows are pointing only one direction) can be used to prepare an activity series for the halogens:Br2(aq) + 2NaI(aq)→2NaBr(aq) + I2(aq)Cl2(aq) +
Your lab partner tells you that he has prepared a solution that contains 1.50 moles of NaOH in 1.50 L of aqueous solution, and therefore that the concentration of NaOH is 1.5 M.(a) Is he correct?(b)
(a) Calculate the molarity of a solution that contains 0.175 mol ZnCl2 in exactly 150 mL of solution.(b) How many moles of protons are present in 35.0 mL of a 4.50 M solution of nitric acid?(c) How
(a) Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 12.5 grams of Na2CrO4 in enough water to form exactly 750 mL of solution.(b) How many moles of KBr are present in 150 mL of a 0.112 M
(a) How many grams of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, should youdissolve in water to make 1.00 L of vodka (which is an aqueous solution that is 6.86 M ethanol)?(b) Using the density of ethanol (0.789 g/mL),
One cup of fresh orange juice contains 124 mg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6). Given that one cup = 236.6 mL calculate the molarity of vitamin C in organic juice.
In each of the following pairs, indicate which has the higher concentration of I- ion:(a) 0.10M BaI2 or 0.25M KI solution(b) 100 mL of 0.10M KI solution or 200 mL of 0.040M ZnI2(c) 3.2M HI solution
(a) How many grams of solid silver nitrate would you need to prepare 200.0 mL of a 0.150M AgNO3 solution?(b) An experiment calls for you to use 100 mL of 0.50M HNO3 solution.All you have available is
You want to analyze a silver nitrate solution.(a) You could add HCl(aq) to the solution to precipitate out AgCl(s). What volume of a 0.150 M HCl(aq) solution is needed to precipitate the silver ions
Uranium hexafluoride, UF6, is processed to produce fuel for nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. UF6 is made from the reaction of elemental uranium with ClF3, which also produces Cl2 as a
A fertilizer railroad car carrying 34,300 gallons of commercial aqueous ammonia (30% ammonia by mass) tips over and spills. The density of the aqueous ammonia solution is 0.88 g/cm3. What mass of
A sample of 7.75 g of Mg(OH)2 is added to 25.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3.(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.(b) Which is the limiting reactant in the reaction?(c) How many moles of
Lead glass contains 18–40% by mass of PbO (instead of CaO in regular glass). Lead glass is still used industrially, but “lead crystal” drinking goblets are no longer considered safe, as the
The average concentration of gold in seawater is 100 fM (femtomolar).Given that the price of gold is $1764.20 per troy ounce (1 troy ounce = 31.103 g), how many liters of seawater would you need to
The U.S. standard for arsenate in drinking water requires that public water supplies must contain no greater than 10 parts per billion (ppb) arsenic. If this arsenic is present as arsenate, AsO43-,
What exponential notation do the following abbreviations represent?(a) d(b) c(c) μ(d) M(e) n(f) m(g) p.
What are the differences in the compositions of the following pairs of atomic nuclei?(a) 21083 Bi, 21082 Pb(b) 147 N, 157 N(c) 2010Ne, 4018Ar
(a) Thomson’s cathode–ray tube (Figure 2.4) and the mass spectrometer (Figure 2.11) both involve the use of electric or magnetic fields to deflect charged particles. What are the charged
What are the molecular and empirical formulas for each of the following compounds? H H H N=N N-N H. H H H H
Which of the following pairs of atoms are isotopes of one another?(a) 11B, 11C(b) 55Mn, 54Mn(c)11850 Sn, 12050 Sn
Fill in the gaps in the following table, assuming each column represents a neutral atom. Symbol Protons 25 82 Neutrons 30 64 Electrons 48 86 Mass no. 222 207
The radius of an atom of gold (Au) is about 1.35 A°. (a) Express this distance in nanometers (nm) and in picometers (pm).(b) How many gold atoms would have to be lined up to span 1.0
In the Millikan oil–drop experiment (see Figure 2.5) the tiny oil drops are observed through the viewing lens as rising, stationary, or falling, as shown here.(a) What causes their rate of fall to
The three targets from a rifle range shown on the next page were produced by: (A) The instructor firing a newly acquired target rifle; (B) The instructor firing his personal target
Two substances have the same molecular and empirical formulas.Does this mean that they must be the same compound?
Give the chemical formula for(a) Chlorite ion(b) Chloride ion(c) Chlorate ion(d) Perchlorate ion(e) Hypoid ion.
How many of the indicated atoms are represented by each chemical formula:(a) Carbon atoms in C4H8COOCH3(b) Oxygen atoms in Ca(ClO3)2(c) Hydrogen atoms in (NH4)2HPO4?
(a) What is meant by the term isomer?(b) Among the four alkanes, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, which is capable of existing in isomeric forms?
Fill in the gaps in the following table: Symbol 59 3+ Protons 34 76 80 Neutrons 46 116 120 Electrons 36 78 Net charge 2+
(a) What is a functional group?(b) What functional group characterizes an alcohol?(c) Write a structural formula for 1-pentanol, the alcohol derived from pentane by making a substitution on one of
The nucleus of 6Li is a powerful absorber of neutrons. It exists in the naturally occurring metal to the extent of 7.5%. In the era of nuclear deterrence, large quantities of lithium were processed
Consider the mixture of propane, C3H8, and O2 shown below.(a) Write a balanced equation for the combustion reaction that occurs between propane and oxygen.(b) Which reactant is the limiting
Consider the mixture of ethanol, C2H5OH, and O2 shown in the accompanying diagram.(a) Write a balanced equation for the combustion reaction that occurs between ethanol and oxygen.(b) Which reactant
If Avogadro’s number of pennies is divided equally among the 314 million men, women, and children in the United States, how many dollars would each receive? How does this compare with the gross
Without doing any detailed calculations (but using a periodic table to give atomic weights), rank the following samples in order of increasing numbers of atoms:42 g of NaHCO3, 1.5 mol CO2, 6.0 ×1024
(a) The world population is estimated to be approximately 7 billion people. How many moles of people are there?(b) What units are typically used to express formula weight?(c) What units are typically
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that occurs when(a) Titanium metal undergoes a combination reaction with O2(g)(b) Silver(I) oxide decomposes into silver metal and oxygen gas when
Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are combination, decomposition, or combustion reactions:(a) PbCO3(s)→PbO(s) + CO2(g)(b) C2H4(g) + O2(g)→CO2(g) + H2O(g)(c) Mg(s) +
(a) When the metallic element sodium combines with the nonmetallic element bromine, Br2(l), what is the chemical formula of the product?(b) Is the product a solid, liquid, or gas at room
(a) When a compound containing C, H, and O is completely combusted in air, what reactant besides the hydrocarbon is involved in the reaction?(b) What products form in this reaction?(c) What is the
Write balanced chemical equations corresponding to each of the following descriptions:(a) Solid calcium carbide, CaC2, reacts with water to form an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide and acetylene
Balance the following equations:(a) Ca3P2(s) + H2O(l)→Ca(OH)2(aq) + PH3(g)(b) Al(OH)3(s) + H2SO4(aq)→Al2(SO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)(c) AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)→Ag2CO3(s) + NaNO3(aq)(d) C2H5NH2(g) +
Balance the following equations:(a) Al4C3(s) + H2O(l)→Al(OH)3(s) + CH4(g)(b) C5H10O2(l) + O2(g)→CO2(g) + H2O(g)(c) Fe(OH)3(s) + H2SO4(aq)→Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + H2O(l)(d) Mg3N2(s) + H2SO4(aq)
Balance the following equations:(a) Li(s) + N2(g)→Li3N(s)(b) TiCl4(l) + H2O(l)→TiO2(s) + HCl(aq)(c) NH4NO3(s)→N2(g) + O2(g) + H2O(g)(d) AlCl3(s) + Ca3N2(s)→AlN(s) + CaCl2(s)
Balance the following equations:(a) CO(g) + O2(g)→CO2(g)(b) N2O5(g) + H2O(l)→HNO3(aq)(c) CH4(g) + Cl2(g)→CCl4(l) + HCl(g)(d) Zn(OH)2(s) + HNO3(aq)→Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)
A key step in balancing chemical equations is correctly identifying the formulas of the reactants and products. For example, consider the reaction between calcium oxide, CaO(s), and H2O(l) to form
(a) What scientific principle or law is used in the process of balancing chemical equations?(b) In balancing equations is it acceptable to change the coefficients, the subscripts in the chemical
Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having three carbons in a row, the three carbons form a ring, as shown in this perspective drawing (see Figure 2.17 for a prior example of this
The following diagram represents the collection of CO2 and H2O molecules formed by complete combustion of a hydrocarbon. What is the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon?
The following diagram shows the combination reaction between hydrogen, H2, and carbon monoxide, CO, to produce methanol, CH3OH (white spheres are H, black spheres are C, red spheres are O). The
In what part of the atom does the strong nuclear force operate?
Are these two compounds isomers? Explain. CH-CHCI ČH-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH-CH2CI
The liquid substances mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL), water (1.00 g/mL), and cyclohexane (0.778 g/mL) do not form a solution when mixed but separate in distinct layers. Sketch how the liquids would
Judge the following statements as true or false. If you believe a statement to be false, provide a corrected version.(a) Air and water are both elements.(b) All mixtures contain at least one element
In 2005, J. Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, and for establishing experimental proof that it plays a major
Which of the following would you characterize as a pure or nearly pure substance?(a) Baking powder(b) Lemon juice(c) Propane gas, used in outdoor gas grills(d) Aluminum foil(e) Ibuprofen(f) Bourbon
Ethyl chloride is sold as a liquid (see photo) under pressure for use as a local skin anesthetic. Ethyl chloride boils at 12 °C at atmospheric pressure. When the liquid is sprayed onto the skin, it
The distance from Grand Rapids, Michigan, to Detroit is listed in a road atlas as 153 miles. Describe some of the factors that contribute to the uncertainty in this number. To make the number more
The inside dimension of a box that is cubic is 24.8 cm on each edge with an uncertainty of 0.2 cm. What is the volume of the box? What do you estimate to be the uncertainty in the calculated volume?
The photo below shows a picture of an agate stone. Jack, who picked up the stone on the Lake Superior shoreline and polished it, insists that agate is a chemical compound. Ellen argues that it cannot
Consider the jar of jelly beans in the photo. To get an estimate of the number of beans in the jar you weigh six beans and obtain masses of 3.15, 3.12, 2.98, 3.14, 3.02, and 3.09 g. Then you weigh
Describe the separation method(s) involved in brewing a cup of coffee.

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