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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

Using the information in Figure 1.23, what is the distance x, to the nearest cm, in the triangle at the right?A. 26cm B. 20cm C. 17cm D. 15 cm 30 cm 30 I
A softball player slides into second base. Use the particle model to draw a motion diagram of the player from the time he begins to slide until he reaches the base. Number the dots in order, starting
A car travels to the left at a steady speed for a few seconds, then brakes for a stop sign. Use the particle model to draw a motion diagram of the car for the entire motion described here. Number the
A ball is dropped from the roof of a tall building and students in a physics class are asked to sketch a motion diagram for this situation. A student submits the diagram shown in Figure Q 1.4. Is the
You are standing on a straight stretch of road and watching the motion of a bicycle; you choose your position as the origin. At one instant, the position of the bicycle is negative and its velocity
Your roommate drops a tennis ball from a third-story balcony. It hits the sidewalk and bounces as high as the second story. Draw a motion diagram, using the particle model, showing the ball 's
A student walks 1.0 mi west and then 1.0 mi north. Afterward, how far is she from her starting point?A. 1.0 mi B. 1.4 mi C. 1.6 mi D. 2.0 mi
You throw a rock upward. The rock is moving upward, but it is slowing down. If we define the ground as the origi n, the position of the rock is __ and the velocity of the rock is __ .A. positive,
Which of the following motions could be described by the motion diagram of Figure Q 1.20?A. A hockey puck sliding across smooth ice.B. A cyclist braking to a stop.C. A sprinter starting a race.D. A
Which of the following motions is described by the motion diagram of Figure QI .21?A. An ice skater gliding across the ice.B. An airplane braking to a stop after landing.C. A car pulling away from
A bird flies 3.0 km due west and then 2.0 km due north. What is the magnitude of the bird's displacement?A. 2.0 km B. 3.0 km C. 3.6 km D. 5.0 km
II Weddell seals make holes in sea ice so that they can swim BIO down to forage on the ocean floor below. Measurements for one seal showed that it dived straight down from such an opening, reaching a
A bird flies 3.0 knJ due west and then 2.0 km due north.Another bird flies 2.0 km due west and 3.0 km due nmth. What is the angle between the net displacement vectors for the two birds?A. 23° B.
I A woman walks briskly at 2.00 mis. How much time will it take her to walk one mile?A. 8.30 min B. 13.4 min C. 2 1.7 min D. 30.0 min.
I A rectangle has length 3.24 m and height 0.532 m. To the correct number of significant figures, what is its area?A. 1.72 m2 B. 1.723 m2C. 1.7236 m2 D. 1.72368 m2
The each formed 4.57 × 109 years ago. What is this time in seconds?A. 1.67 × 1012 sB. 4.01 × 1013 s C. 2.40 × 1015 s D. 1.44 × 1017 s
An object's average density p is defined as the ratio of its mass to its volume: p = M/V. The earth's mass is 5.94 × 1024 kg, and its volume is 1.08 × 1012 km3. What is the earth's average density?
A pot contains 250 g of water at 100°C. If this water is heated and all evaporates to form steam at 100°C, what is the change in the entropy of the H2O?
A large piece of steel (initial temperature 400 K) is placed into a large bucket of ice water. If 4.0 J of heat flow from the steel into the ice water, what are the entropy changes of the steel, the
Suppose 5000 J of heat flow from a reservoir at 400 K to a colder reservoir. If the total entropy change of the universe is 200 J/K, what is the temperature of the cold reservoir? Because the
Suppose 7000 J of heat flow out of a house that is at 293 K to the outside environment at 273 K. Find the change in entropy of the house, the change in the entropy of the environment, and the total
Consider a reversible heat engine that employs a hot reservoir at a temperature of 750 K and a cold reservoir at 230 K. (a) What is the entropy change of the hot reservoir during a period in
Suppose the refrigerator in your house is a reversible refrigerator. Estimate how much heat is extracted from the fresh-food compartment when 1000 J of work are done.
A heat engine absorbs 8000 J of heat from a hot reservoir and produces 5500 J of work. What is the efficiency of the engine?
For the heat engine in Figure P16.42, during which portion(s) of the cycle does the engine do positive work on its environment and during which portion(s) does the environment do work on the
A heat engine operates using the P?V cycle shown in Figure P16.42. Approximately how much work is done by the system during each cycle? Figure P16.42 2 x 105 1 x 105 4 1 2 3 V (m³) 3. 2. P (Pa)
A Carnot engine extracts 2000 J of heat from a hot reservoir and does 1200 J of mechanical work. Suppose the cold reservoir is a very large block of ice at 0°C. What mass of ice would melt during
Suppose the heat engine in Problem 39 is operated “in reverse” as a refrigerator. What is its refrigeration efficiency?Data From Problem 39A reversible heat engine operates between thermal
A reversible heat engine operates between thermal reservoirs at 600 K and 150 K. What is the efficiency of this engine?
A heat pump operates between reservoirs at 293 K (inside the house) and 265 K (outside). It is not a reversible heat pump; it only pumps 75% of the maximum possible heat into the house. How much work
A reversible heat pump operating between thermal reservoirs at 25°C and 10°C consumes 500 J of energy each second. How much heat energy is “pumped” into the house each second?
It is a cold winter day in the author’s neighborhood. One of the houses is heated with a reversible heat pump that uses the outside air as the cold reservoir. Suppose 40,000 J of energy are lost
A container filled with 1.0 L of water that is initially at 0°C is placed in a reversible refrigerator. Suppose the hot reservoir for this refrigerator is the room air at 30°C. How much work must
Consider a heat engine that operates between thermal reservoirs at 500 K and 250 K. Suppose the engine does 5000 J of work while it expels 1000 J of energy to the cold reservoir. Is this engine
A reversible heat engine consumes five times more heat QH from its hot reservoir than it expels to its cold reservoir, QC. What is the ratio TH/TC?
Consider two heat engines: Engine 1 operates between thermal reservoirs at 450 K and 170 K, and engine 2 operates between reservoirs at 50 K and 10 K. Which engine has a greater maximum theoretical
Assume the gasoline engine in your car is a heat engine operating between a hot reservoir at 800 K and a cold reservoir at 280 K and that your engine produces a peak power output of 250 hp
A reversible heat engine operates between a hot reservoir at 580 K and a cold reservoir of unknown temperature. After 5 min, the engine has absorbed 1000 J of energy from the hot reservoir and
Consider a reversible heat engine that operates between a hot reservoir at 550 K and a cold reservoir at 150 K. If this engine has a power rating of 750 W, how much heat is expelled to the cold
A gasoline engine absorbs 4000 J of heat and performs 3000 J of mechanical work for each turn of the engine shaft. How much heat is expelled from the engine after 500 turns of the shaft?
An engine absorbs 3500 J of heat energy each cycle and expels 1200 J. (a) How much work does it do in one cycle? (b) If it is a reversible heat engine and the hot reservoir is at 750 K,
A reversible heat engine operates between thermal reservoirs at 900 K and 200 K. If 9000 J are extracted from the hot reservoir, how much work is done by the heat engine?
You have 2.0 moles of helium gas initially at a temperature of 340 K and a pressure of 0.20 × Patm. The gas is compressed isothermally to a pressure of 0.50 × Patm. (a) Find the final volume
An ideal monatomic gas expands adiabatically from an initial temperature of 400 K and volume of 4.5 m3 to a final volume of 12 m3. If the initial pressure is 1.5 × Patm, how much work is done on the
Figure P16.23 shows a system that is compressed from an initial state i to a final state f. If the internal energy of the system decreases by 5000 J, approximately how much heat was added to the
Consider the process described by Figure P16.21. If 500 J of heat are added to the system during the second step, what is the change in the internal energy of the system during this step?Figure
A system undergoes a two-step process as sketched in Figure P16.21. The system first expands at constant pressure from state I to state A and then it is compressed with the pressure again held fixed,
You have 3.2 moles of a monatomic ideal gas that are compressed isothermally. (a) If the pressure changes from 4.5 × 105 Pa to 8.5 × 105 Pa and the initial volume was 0.50 m3, what is the
Water vapor (n = 1.0 mole) is heated in a pressure cooker so that the volume is held constant. If the temperature increases from 500 K to 600 K, what is the change in the internal energy of the water
A container holds 1.5 kg of water that is initially at 320 K and is converted to steam at 400 K. Assuming the volume of the system does not change, what is the change in the internal energy of the
Consider a balloon of volume 2.0 m3 that contains 3.5 moles of helium gas at a temperature of 300 K. If the gas is compressed adiabatically so as to have a final temperature of 400 K, what is the
A system is compressed adiabatically, during which time the environment does 3500 J of work on the system. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?
For the expansion in Figure P16.12, if the internal energy of the system decreases by 4500 J, what is the heat added to the system?Figure P16.12 4 x 105 3 × 105 2 x 105 1 x 105 0.02 0.01 V
For the thermodynamic processes in Figures P16.12 and P16.13, what is the approximate value of the work done on the system?Figure P16.12 Figure P16.13 4 × 105 3 × 105 2 x 105 1 x 105
Approximately how much work is done by the system in the thermodynamic processes in the two parts of Figure P16.13? Are they expansions or contractions? Figure P16.13 20,000 20,000 10,000
Consider a system that undergoes an expansion from an initial state (i) to a final state (f) in Figure P16.12. Approximately how much work is done by the system in this process?Figure P16.12 4
A gas expands in an isobaric (constant pressure) process, with P = 4.5 × 105 Pa. If the volume changes from 4.5 m3 to 7.8 m3, how much work is done by the gas?
In which of these processes does the internal energy of an ideal gas not change?(a) An isothermal process(b) An adiabatic process(c) An isobaric process(d) A process at constant volume
Match the following processes (at left) with the descriptions (at right).(a) Isobaric (i) The volume remains constant.(b) Isothermal
An ideal gas absorbs 400 J of heat from its environment and does 800 J of work on the environment. Find the change in the internal energy of the gas and the change in the internal energy of the
Table 16.1 lists the energy that can be extracted from various foods, and Table 16.2 gives the rate at which work is done and heat is generated by a person engaged in various activities.Use these
A doughnut contains about 300 Calories. (These are “food” Calories.) After eating this doughnut, you decide to compensate by taking the stairs instead of using the elevator. If each stair has a
One gallon of gasoline releases approximately 1.2 × 108 J when it is “burned” (i.e., undergoes combustion) in a car engine. If the engine releases 4.0 × 107 J of heat during this time, what is
The temperature of a sample of dilute argon gas with n = 7.5 moles decreases by 200 K during a thermodynamic process. If 35,000 J of heat are extracted from the gas, what is the work done by the gas
The temperature of an ideal monatomic gas increases by 100 K while 3000 J of heat are added to the gas. If the gas contains 4.0 moles, how much work does it do on its surroundings?
A system takes in 5000 J of heat and does 4000 J of work on its surroundings. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?
What is the total internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas that contains 4.0 moles at a temperature of 400 K?
A hydroelectric power plant converts potential energy of water stored behind a dam to electrical energy with an efficiency close to 100%. A coal-burning (or nuclear) power plant only approaches 40%
Consider the common expressions (a) “There’s no such thing as a free lunch” and (b) “You can’t even break even.” Which of the laws of thermodynamics might these expressions refer to?
Two ideal heat engines A and B operate using the same hot reservoir. It is found that engine B is more efficient than engine A. Explain how that can be.
In Example 16.10, we found that for typical temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs, the theoretical efficiency of a home heat pump can be quite large. Investigate the efficiency obtained with
Explain why heat pumps that use air as the cold reservoir are most efficient in mild climates. (They are called “air-to-air” heat pumps.) Why does a heat pump that uses water from deep
If an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, does the internal energy of the gas increase or decrease?
Under what conditions will the efficiency of a Carnot engine approach 100%?
Consider the entropy changes that occur during the Carnot cycle sketched in Figure 16.31. For each stage of the cycle, is the entropy change of the engine positive, negative, or zero? What is the
Suppose the second law of thermodynamics is not true and it is possible for heat to flow spontaneously from a cold object to a warmer one. Show that this process would allow one to construct a
Give an example of a mechanical process that is irreversible.
Give an example of a mechanical process that is reversible.
In Section 16.4, we asserted that the work done in any cyclic process is equal to the area enclosed by the path on a P–V plot. In Example 16.6, weproved this assertion for a cyclic process
Figure Q16.10 shows a thermodynamic process in which a system first expands and is then compressed. Indicate the area on the P–V diagram that corresponds to the work done by the system.Figure
(a) Many heat engines need both a working fluid and a source of heat, often from a chemical process like combustion. Identify the working fluid and the source of heat for a steam engine like the one
Consider a thermodynamic process in which an ice cube melts to become a liquid (water). Is the change in internal energy of the H2O positive or negative? Is the change in entropy of the H2O positive
Explain how a heat pump can deliver more heat energy into a house than the pump consumes as work.
Consider a window air conditioner in terms of the thermodynamic block diagram for a refrigerator in Figure 16.32A. Identify the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the source of mechanical
What quantity is represented by an area enclosed by a curve on a P–V diagram? What device is described by following such a curve in a clockwise direction? If the process follows the curve
Consider an ideal gas that is expanding in a cylinder with a piston. As the gas expands, the piston moves such that a constant pressure is maintained. Does the temperature rise or fall? Does heat
Can heat flow either into or out of a substance without the substance changing temperature? If not, why? If so, explain and give an example of such a process.
It is a very hot day, and your friend decides to cool his apartment by opening the door of his refrigerator. Use thermodynamics to answer the following question: Will this method cool his apartment?
Two blocks, one of wood and the other aluminum, are at room temperature. When you touch them, the aluminum feels cold and the wood feels warm. Why? Is there a temperature at which both blocks would
Suppose a particular molecule is diffusing a certain distance through a particular substance. By what factor will the diffusion time change if (a) The distance is doubled, (b) The absolute
Which number is closest to Avogadro’s number? (a) The number of people on the Earth. (b) The number of stars in our galaxy. (c) The number of O2 molecules in your lungs. (d) The
Deuterium is an isotope of the element hydrogen that has a nucleus consisting of one proton and one neutron. In Chapter 30, we show how two deuterium nuclei can undergo a reaction called fusion in
In our discussions of kinetic theory, we have focused on the motion of the molecules in a gas. The result for the typical speed in Equation 15.18, however, also applies to molecules in a liquid. Use
(a) Find the speed for typical Ne, Ar, and Kr atoms and for typical H2, LiF, and Cl2 molecules in the atmosphere at room temperature.(b) Compare these typical speeds to the escape speed for an object
Bug breath. Insects do not have lungs or a blood circulatory system. Instead, a system of openings in the exoskeleton (spiracles) lead to branching tubes of decreasing diameter called trachea, the
The human nose is very sensitive to certain molecules. For example, it can sense the presence of the chemical CH3SH (methyl mercaptan) at levels as small as 2 parts per billion. Another especially
A steel cylinder is filled with an ideal gas at 20°C and pressure of 8.0 times atmospheric pressure. (a) The cylinder is submerged in a bath of boiling water and allowed to reach thermal
A diver uses an air cylinder with a volume of 11 L and filled to a pressure of 200 atm (Fig. P15.52). He dives at a leisurely pace, taking about 15 breaths per minute, and each breath is 1.2 L on
A scuba diver descends to 8.2 m below the surface of the ocean. (a) What pressure will her regulator need to supply so that her lungs can fill as normal? (b) When the diver is at 8.2 m, how
An air bubble ascends from the bottom of a lake 15 m deep. The temperature at the bottom of the lake is 4°C, and near the surface it is 20°C. How many times larger in volume is the bubble at the

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