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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

The continent of North America has an area of approximately 2.4 × 107 km2. If the entire continent were evenly covered with Avogadro’s number of BBs (spherical projectiles 4.5 mm in diameter), how
Calculate the volume occupied by 1 mole of each of the following substances (in both cubic centimeters and liters): (a) Water at room temperature, (b) Ice at 0°C, (c) Air at room
Caesar’s last breath. (a) How many molecules from Julius Caesar’s dying breath are currently in your lungs? The total mass of the Earth’s atmosphere is approximately 5 × 1018 kg, it is
You place 3.5 g of water at room temperature in a pressure cooker (a sealed pot) of volume 2.5 L and heat the water to 200°C. What is the pressure in the cooker?
Calculate the net distance a pollen grain of radius 5 × 10-7 m will diffuse in water in 1 minute.
A cell membrane is typically 10 nm (1 × 10-8 m) thick. How long does it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse this distance through the membrane?
In our discussion of diffusion, we mentioned that between collisions, a molecule in air travels in a straight line with a constant speed. For a hydrogen molecule in air, this speed is approximately
Approximately how long does it take a hydrogen molecule to diffuse across a small room?
Consider an oxygen molecule as it diffuses in your blood. How far will a typical molecule diffuse in 1 second? Assume the value of D for oxygen in blood is the same as for oxygen in water.
One way for a protein to move from one side of a cell to another is through diffusion. If the diameter of a cell is increased by a factor of four, by what factor does the time required to diffuse
What is the approximate time required for a hemoglobin molecule to diffuse through a cell membrane? The diffusion constant D is approximately proportional to 1/r, where r is the diameter of the
Approximately how long does it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse across the interior of a cell that is 100 mm in diameter?
About how far does a typical water molecule diffuse (in water) in 1 minute?
Approximately how long does it take a water molecule to diffuse a distance of 3 cm through a glass of water?
How long would it take a nitrogen molecule in the atmosphere to travel a distance of 1 cm if there were no collisions with other molecules?
Approximately how long does it take a molecule of nitrogen to diffuse a distance of 1 cm through the atmosphere?
Calculate the speed v of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere. Is v less than or greater than the escape speed? Experiments show that a hydrogen molecule released into the
A balloon of volume 1.5 m3 contains argon gas at a pressure of 1.5 × 105 Pa and room temperature (20°C). What is the total internal energy of the gas?
What is the total internal energy of 15 moles of helium gas at room temperature? How does the answer change if the helium is replaced by argon?
What is the ratio of the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule at the Sun’s surface to the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere? The temperature at the surface of the Sun
The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 6000 K. What is the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Sun’s atmosphere?
You have a container of an ideal gas at room temperature (20°C) and pressure, and you want to use it to store energy in the form of the kinetic energy of the gas. If you want to double the energy in
For the balloon in Problem 26, what is the total kinetic energy of all the hydrogen molecules in the balloon?Data from Problem 27You place 80 moles of hydrogen gas in a balloon of volume 2.5 m3, and
You place 80 moles of hydrogen gas in a balloon of volume 2.5 m3, and find the pressure to be 1.5 times atmospheric pressure. What is the typical speed of a hydrogen molecule?
What is the average speed of a molecule of H2O in the atmosphere? Assume a nice spring day with T = 20°C (= 293 K).
Some endurance athletes (such as cyclists and long distance runners) use a hypobaric chamber to enhance their ability to use oxygen. A hypobaric chamber mimics the effect of being at a high altitude,
The pressure in a gas thermometer is 5000 Pa at the freezing point of water. (a) What is the pressure in this thermometer at the boiling point of water? (b) If the pressure is 6000 Pa, what
Estimate the number of helium molecules in a blimp filled with helium gas.
An ultrahigh vacuum system can reach pressures in the laboratory that are less than 1.0 × 10-7 Pa. If that is the pressure in a system of volume 1000 cm3, how many molecules are in the system?
Approximately how many moles of gas molecules are in your classroom?
A tank of compressed oxygen gas at a doctor’s office has a pressure of 100 times atmospheric pressure. If the volume of the tank is 500 cm3, how many oxygen molecules does it contain?
A weather balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 300 m3 and pressure 1.4 × 105 Pa at the Earth’s surface (where the temperature is 293 K). The balloon is then released and moves to a high
The lungs of a typical adult hold about 2 L of air (0.002 m3). How many moles of air molecules are in a typical adult’s lungs?
How many molecules are there in 1.0 cm3 of air?
A balloon contains 3.0 moles of helium gas at normal atmospheric pressure (Patm = 1.01 × 105 Pa) and room temperature (293 K). (a) What is the volume of the balloon? (b) The weather
The gas in a cylindrical container has a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and is at room temperature (293 K). A piston (a movable wall) at one end of the container is then adjusted so that the volume is
For the gas thermometer in Problem 12, what is the pressure when T = 230 K?Data From Problem 12You are given the job of calibrating a gas thermometer. You do some experiments and find that the gas
You are given the job of calibrating a gas thermometer. You do some experiments and find that the gas pressure in the thermometer is 40,000 Pa at T = 280 K. If the pressure later reads 60,000 Pa,
Imagine you are sitting in a room full of oxygen molecules at 300 K. If the room has a volume of 1.0 × 104 m3, what is the number of oxygen molecules in the room?
Estimate the number of air molecules in a bicycle tire.
Find the average spacing between molecules in the balloon in Problem 8. How does the answer change when the balloon is heated, assuming the pressure does not change?Data From Problem 8A spherical
A spherical balloon containing nitrogen gas has a radius of 20 cm. If the balloon is at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, what is the mass of nitrogen in the balloon?
A balloon having an initial temperature of 20°C is heated so that the volume doubles while the pressure is kept fixed. What is the new value of the temperature?
Consider a balloon containing nitrogen molecules at room temperature (20°C) and atmospheric pressure. If the balloon has a spherical shape with radius of 20 cm, what is the number of molecules in
You have 6.0 moles of particles of an unknown (pure) substance with a mass of 240 g. What might the substance be?
Estimate the number of atoms in your body.
Find the mass of a molecule of carbon dioxide.
How many oxygen atoms are in 1.0 g of water?
What is the mass of a single carbon atom?
Why does the pressure in a car tire increase when the car is driven?
The air in a room consists mainly of N2 and O2 molecules. Which has the greater average speed?
In Concept Check 15.6, we considered how to slow down the release of a drug in a transdermal patch by increasing the thickness of the membrane. Which of the following strategies will decrease the
The mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms of isotope number 12 (so-called carbon 12) is defined to be exactly 12 g. The atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a single carbon-12 atom. Use
Consider an ideal gas composed of helium atoms. The collisions between atoms are similar to the collisions between billiard balls. That is, whenever the distance between two atoms is less than 2r
Compare the act of making tea with a tea bag in cold water versus steeping it in hot water. Which method will make the tea stronger faster? Why?
In Example 15.8 we saw that diffusion is a very slow process. Calculate the total distance (not the net displacement Δr) traveled by a diffusing molecule in Example 15.8.
The diffusion constant D of a particle in a gas or liquid depends on temperature. If the temperature is increased, does D increase or decrease? Explain why.
A container of gas under pressure has a pinhole leak. If the content of the container is oxygen, the pressure decreases at a certain rate as the gas escapes. If the content is hydrogen gas, however,
A family drives from a low valley to a high-altitude mountain meadow for a picnic. When they arrive at the meadow, they find that their bag of potato chips has burst open and their bag of pretzels
An automobile cooling system circulates a liquid called antifreeze (which is mostly water) and typically operates at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. Why is that desirable?
In Chapter 11, we learned about the bulk modulus B of a substance. The bulk modulus is related to changes in volume by Use the ideal gas law to calculate the bulk modulus for an ideal? gas. Assume
Consider two identical containers, one full of helium and the other full of oxygen. If the molecules of both gases have the same average speed, what is the ratio of their temperatures? (Approximate
Is it possible to heat a can of soup by continuously lifting and dropping it on a hard surface? (Assume the can will take the abuse and not rupture.) Would it make a difference if the can were
If you were to hammer on a piece of metal, the temperature of the metal would rise. Why? Describe from a microscopic point of view.
In Example 15.6, we claimed that the total kinetic energy of the gas is greater than the kinetic energy of a baseball. Show that this claim is in fact true by working out the value of 12 mv2 with
Show that Avogadro’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law all follow from the ideal gas law (Eq. 15.6).
An angler observes a fish whose image is 10 m from the shore. Is this fish closer to or farther from the shore than its image? Explain. Draw a ray diagram.
How long does it take light to travel from(a) The Earth to the Moon?(b) The Sun to the Earth?(c) Jupiter to the Earth, assuming Jupiter is at its closest distance to the Earth?(d) Jupiter to the
One way astronomers detect planets orbiting around a distant star is by using the Doppler shift of light from the star. When a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in a circular orbit centered
The electromagnetic waves used in a microwave oven have a wavelength of 12.24 cm.(a) What is the frequency of this radiation?(b) Electromagnetic waves in a microwave can exhibit standing waves. If
Consider a cell phone that emits electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 1.0 GHz (1.0x109 Hz) with a power of 1.0 W.(a) What is the approximate electric field amplitude at a distance of 1000 m
The Apollo astronauts placed special reflector arrays on the Moon (Fig. P23.61A). The array was comprised of “corner reflector” prisms that have the property of reflecting a beam of light exactly
The radiation pressure from the Sun has a negligible effect on the orbit of a satellite, but it does pose a problem in terms of keeping a spacecraft pointing in the appropriate orientation. Consider
How fast would a car need to travel to make a yellow light appear to be green as the car approached an intersection? Would a judge accept the excuse of such a Doppler shift for running a yellow light?
The use of Doppler radar in the enforcement of traffic law has become common in the United States and many parts of the world. A typical “radar gun” (Fig. P23.58) emits a 24-GHz beam. A highway
Consider three polarizing filters oriented as shown in Figure P23.57. A beam of unpolarized light is directed through the three filters. The first filter has a polarization axis along the vertical,
Lightning is a rapid transfer of charge from a cloud to the ground (or other parts of the cloud) and constitutes a very large, varying current. When a lightning strike occurs, a large pulse of
A college football stadium happens to be in your neighborhood, and you are watching the game at home on your TV. The team makes a touchdown and the capacity crowd in the stadium cheers. Like an echo,
Consider the force of an electromagnetic wave on the electrons in an antenna. Assume the amplitude of the electric field associated with the wave is E0 = 200 V/m.(a) What is the magnitude of the
Lasers are used extensively in eye surgery to remove unwanted “material” from the eye or reshape the eye’s lens. These lasers use pulses of very intense radiation to literally “blast” away
The momentum carried by sunlight can be used by a solar sail to propel a spacecraft (Example 23.3).(a) Is the force on a sail directed toward or away from the Sun?(b) Suppose a solar sail is used for
The intensity of sunlight near the Earth is approximately 1000 W/m2.(a) If a spacecraft near the Earth uses a square solar sail 200 m on a side and absorbs all light that strikes it, what is the
(a) Estimate the radiation pressure exerted by sunlight on the Earth.(b) What is the total force on the Earth due to this radiation pressure?(c) How does this force compare with the force of gravity
A powerful AM radio station has a radiated power of 100,000 W. Suppose this energy is emitted into a region shaped like a half-sphere (Fig. P23.49). If you are a distance of 100 km from the station,
Consider a Doppler radar system that monitors the wind speed of a tornado by measuring the shift in frequency of radio waves reflected from water droplets or other particles in the air. If this wind
How fast would a star have to travel to make violet light (λ = 400 nm) appear to be red (λ = 600 nm)? Assume the star is moving along the line that connects the star to the Earth. Is this star
Estimate the Doppler shift for a radio wave reflected from an airplane moving directly toward you at a speed of 250 m/s. Assume the radio wave has a frequency of 1.0x107 Hz.
A galactic accident causes a red giant star to be moving on a collision course with our solar system. This star is moving very fast, and its light is Doppler shifted. Which of the following
We know from experience that the Doppler shift of sound from a moving car is easily detectable. Assuming light with a frequency of 6.0 x 1014 Hz, estimate the Doppler shift for light from a car
When viewed by an observer on the Earth, light from a distant galaxy is Doppler shifted to the red such that the ratio of the unshifted frequency to the observed frequency is 2.5. What is the
For the polarizers in Figure P23.41, suppose the incident light is linearly polarized, the transmitted intensity (through both polarizers) is 0.15 x I0, and the axis of the second polarizer makes an
Unpolarized light with intensity I0 is an incident on two polarizers as sketched in Figure P23.41. Suppose the angle between the axes of the two polarizers is θ = 60°. What is the intensity of the
Linearly polarized light propagating along the y-direction is incident on a polarizer whose axis is parallel to the z-direction. If the intensity of the transmitted light is equal to 35% of the
Unpolarized light with an electric field amplitude of 0.25 V/m is incident on a polarizer. What is the electric field amplitude of the transmitted light?
Light from the star Vega has an intensity of about 2 x 108 W/m2. If Vega emits radiation with the same power as our Sun, how far is Vega from the Earth?
The distance from the Sun to Jupiter is 5.2 times longer than the Earth–Sun distance. If the intensity of sunlight at the Earth is 1000 W/m2, find(a) The intensity of sunlight at Jupiter(b) The
The intensity of light from a lightbulb is 10 W/m2 at a distance of 0.50 m from the bulb. What is the intensity across the room at a distance of 3.5 m?
A dipole antenna is oriented vertically as shown in Figure P23.35 and is used to generate an electromagnetic wave. A second dipole antenna is used to receive this radiation. How should the second
The “wireless” connection used by your laptop computer employs electromagnetic waves with a frequency near 2.4 GHz.(a) What is the wavelength of this radiation?(b) What is the approximate size of
(a) What is the approximate size of the antenna in your cell phone? It probably lies along one of the longest straight edges of the case of the phone.(b) Based on the length of this antenna, estimate

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