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Operations Management 2nd International Edition Gerard Cachon, Christian Terwiesch - Solutions
Which of the following statements is correct with respect to describing a Gantt chart? a. In a Gantt chart, activities with longer times are captured by bars that are longer along the x-dimension of the chart. b. In a Gantt chart, all activities have the same size of bars. c. In a
The critical path in a project is the sequence of activities that a. Has the shortest time. b. Has the smallest number of activities. c. Has the shortest budget. d. None of these statements is correct.
What is the definition of the latest completion time (LCT) of a project activity? a. LCT(Ai) = Max{LST(Aj) for which Aj is a successor of Ai} b. LCT(Ai) = Min{LST(Aj) for which Aj is a successor of Ai} c. LCT(Ai) = Max{LST(Aj) for which Aj is a predecessor of Ai} d. LCT(Ai) =
In an AON graph of a project, there only exists one path from the first to the last activity. True or false? a. True b. False
A project activity has an earliest completion time of 5, an activity time of 3, and a latest completion time of 6. What is the slack time for the activity? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 f. 6
Which of the following statements is correct with respect to an AON graph of a project? a. In an AON graph, the activities are on the edges of a graph. b. In an AON graph, the activities are on the nodes of a graph. c. AON stands for the American Operations Norm. d. None of
Consider the AON graph of a project shown in Figure 19.18. The activity times are 3, 4, 2, 5, 7, 2, 2, and 3 days for activities A1 through A8, respectively. What is the critical path? a. A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A8 b. A1 , A2 , A3 , A6 , A7 , A8 c. A1 , A2 , A5 , A7 ,
Consider a project with two activities that are interdependent. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Both activities can be carried out in parallel without coordination. b. Static coordination of the two activities implies that the two activities are carried out in an
Consider the simple dependency matrix shown in Table 19.12. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The two activities are independent of each other and the project can carry out both of them immediately. b. A1 is a predecessor activity to A2. c. A2 is a predecessor
1. How is it possible to build a house so quickly? Or, asked differently, why are other residential construction projects taking 100 times longer? 2. What lessons can be learned from this record-time construction for other projects, such as the construction of new airports, ocean liners, or
Consider the AON graph of a project shown in Figure 19.16 Which of the following statements is correct? a. A1 is a predecessor activity to A2. b. A2 is a successor activity of A1. c. A3 and A5 can be carried out in parallel. d. All of these statements are correct. Figure
A project has four activities that take 4, 3, 6, and 7 days, respectively. What is the total completion time for the project? a. 3 days, because this is the minimum time b. 7 days, because this is the maximum time c. 20 days, because this is the sum of the times d. It is not
Draw a Gantt chart visualizing the evolution of the project from initial design competition to completion. Discuss the iteration between construction and design in the context of a dependency matrix. Do you think this iteration could have been anticipated? What were the major uncertainties
Which of the following statements is correct with respect to a dependency matrix? a. An activity can have multiple predecessor activities. b. An activity can have multiple successor activities. c. If an activity is a predecessor and a successor activity to another activity, the two
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.24 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the lateness of job C? TABLE 18.24 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job А В C D E Processing time (weeks) Due date (weeks) 1 4 3 4 11 W LO CO
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.24 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the lateness of job C? TABLE 18.24 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job А В C D E Processing time (weeks) Due date (weeks) 1 4 3 4 11 W LO CO
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.24 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the lateness of job C? TABLE 18.24 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job А В C D E Processing time (weeks) Due date (weeks) 1 4 3 4 11 W LO CO
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.23 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what is the maximum tardiness? TABLE 18.23 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job A B C D E Processing time (weeks) 2 0.5 1 3 1.5 Due date (weeks) 3 6 4 5 2
Assume the jobs displayed in Table 18.22 need to be processed on a single resource and are sequenced with the WSPT rule. Which job would be processed second?a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E TABLE 18.22 Processing Times and Weights for Five Jobs Job А В C DE Processing time
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.24 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the lateness of job A? TABLE 18.24 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job А В C D E Processing time (weeks) Due date (weeks) 1 4 3 4 11 W LO CO
Which of the following is a benefit of overbooking a resource? a. It helps to reduce the average number of jobs waiting to be processed on the resource. b. It helps to reduce the average flow time of jobs through a resource. c. It helps to increase the utilization of the
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.23 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what is the maximum tardiness? TABLE 18.23 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job A B C D E Processing time (weeks) 2 0.5 1 3 1.5 Due date (weeks) 3 6 4 5 2
If an appointment system evenly spaces out appointments throughout the day, then patients arriving during the second half of the day can expect to wait the same amount of time as patients arriving during the first half of the day. True or false? a. True b. False
The theory of constraints is most applicable in which of the following processes? a. An auto repair shop with one mechanic b. A chemical processing plant with numerous pieces of equipment with significant setup times and a large number of products, each requiring different sequences of
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.23 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the tardiness of job E? TABLE 18.23 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job A B C D E Processing time (weeks) 2 0.5 1 3 1.5 Due date (weeks) 3 6 4 5 2
Why does the theory of constraints advocate that a manager’s attention be directed to the bottleneck of a process? a. It is useful to lower the utilization of the bottleneck. b. The bottleneck has considerable influence on the average flow rate of a process. c. It is important to
If the jobs displayed in Table 18.23 are processed using the earliestdue-date rule, what would be the lateness of job B? TABLE 18.23 Processing Times and Due Dates for Five Jobs Job A B C D E Processing time (weeks) 2 0.5 1 3 1.5 Due date (weeks) 3 6 4 5 2
The earliest-due-date rule always minimizes the maximum tardiness across jobs. True or false? a. True b. False
The earliest-due-date rule always minimizes the average lateness across jobs. True or false? a. True b. False
Assume the jobs displayed in Table 18.22 need to be processed on a single resource and are sequenced with the WSPT rule. What is the average inventory of the jobs? TABLE 18.22 Processing Times and Weights for Five Jobs Job А В C DE Processing time (minutes) 1 4 2 3 5 Weight 1.5 1 1.25 0.5 2
Assume the jobs displayed in Table 18.22 need to be processed on a single resource and are sequenced with the WSPT rule. What is the average flow time of the jobs (in minutes)? TABLE 18.22 Processing Times and Weights for Five Jobs Job А В C DE Processing time (minutes) 1 4 2 3 5 Weight 1.5
Jobs have different processing times and due dates. If a job is finished earlier than its due date but one day sooner than expected, how does this change the job’s tardiness? a. Tardiness decreases by one day. b. Tardiness does not change. c. Tardiness increases by one day. d.
Assume the jobs displayed in Table 18.22 need to be processed on a single resource and are sequenced with the WSPT rule. What is the average flow rate of the jobs (in jobs per minute)? TABLE 18.22 Processing Times and Weights for Five Jobs Job А В C DE Processing time (minutes) 1 4 2 3 5
Jobs have different processing times and due dates. If a job is finished earlier than its due date but one day sooner than expected, how does this change the job’s lateness? a. Lateness decreases by one day. b. Lateness does not change. c. Lateness increases by one day. d. It
Which of the following statements best explains why an organization would use weighted shortest processing time instead of shortest processing time? a. Jobs differ in how important it is for them to be completed quickly. b. It wants to minimize the average flow time across all
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if SPT is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average inventory of the projects (in projects)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
With weighted shortest processing time, jobs are scheduled at a resource in what order? a. In increasing order of their processing times b. In the order they arrived c. In decreasing order of their priority/weight d. In decreasing order of the ratio of weight to processing time
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if SPT is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average flow time of the projects (in hours)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
The difference in the average flow time between shortest processing time and first-come-first-served is greatest when a. All of the jobs have the same processing times. b. The utilization of the resource is low. c. There are many jobs waiting to be processed at the resource. d.
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if SPT is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average flow rate of the projects (in projects per hour)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
The flow time of every job is lower with shortest processing time than with first-come-first-served. True or false? a. True b. False
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if FCFS is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average inventory of the projects (in projects)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
Depending on how jobs arrive to a resource, it is possible that the average flow time of the jobs with first-come-first-served is lower than that with shortest processing time. True or false? a. True b. False
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if FCFS is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average inventory of the projects (in projects)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
Shortest processing time minimizes the flow time of jobs at a resource because it reduces the processing times of the jobs. True or false? a. True b. False
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if FCFS is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average flow time of the projects (in hours)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
Suppose there is a set of jobs to be processed at a resource. Shortest processing time always sequences the jobs in a different order than first-come-first-served. True or false? a. True b. False
1. Keeping the number of guests in the park constant, by adding Fastpass, does the average number of guests served per attraction change? For which types of attractions does it change the most (e.g., the busiest or the least busy ones)? 2. Disney needs to decide how many Fastpass tickets to
Given the projects displayed in Table 18.21, if FCFS is used to sequence the jobs, what is the average flow rate of the projects (in projects per hour)? Project P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Processing time (hours) 4 1 2 36 5 1 0.5
Which of the following performance measures depend(s) on how work is sequenced at a resource? a. Only inventory b. Only flow rate c. Only flow time d. Inventory and flow rate e. Inventory and flow time f. Flow rate and flow time
At the Millbrook High School cafeteria, students proceed along a series of stations in a single line: (1) get tray and utensils, (2) choose food, (3) select beverage, (4) pay. The school is concerned that students are taking too long to get their meal. The school has analyzed the capacities of
Which of the following most directly expresses the motivation behind the expression “buffer or suffer”? a. Adding inventory to a process is likely to increase the flow time. b. To increase capacity, it is important to pool queues. c. If you want to increase the capacity of a
In the Erlang loss model, pooling is an effective strategy because it always increases implied utilization. True or false? a. True b. False
In the Erlang loss model, system A has 5 servers and an implied utilization of 125 percent, while system B has 15 servers and an implied utilization of 125 percent. Which of the following statements is true? a. System A has the higher utilization because it has fewer servers relative to the
In the Erlang loss model, which of the following is a benefit of reducing the variability of processing times? a. The denial of service probability decreases. b. The flow rate increases. c. Implied utilization increases. d. Utilization increases. e. All of the
The denial of service probability decreases if more servers are added and nothing else changes. True or false? a. True b. False
In the Erlang loss model, which best describes the relationship between implied utilization and utilization? a. Implied utilization is always greater than utilization. b. Implied utilization is only greater than utilization when implied utilization is greater than 100 percent.c. Implied
In the Erlang loss model, which of the following most likely increases lost demand? a. An increase in the average interarrival time b. An increase in the average processing time c. An increase in the number of servers d. A decrease in implied utilization
If capacity exceeds demand, then all flow units are served. True or false? a. True b. False
A pediatric practice has five physicians. Historically, patients were assigned to one physician and these patients always were treated by the same physician. For example, Alice’s patients always visited her (for “well visits” and “sick visits”) and never interacted with the other
Huduko operates with a utilization of 30 percent. The interarrival time of jobs is 8 milliseconds (0.008 second) with a coefficient of variation of 1.5. On average, there are 20 jobs waiting in the queue to be served and 60 jobs in process (i.e., being processed by a server rather than waiting to
CloudRack provides web hosting services on its five servers. When a person requests a page from one of its hosted websites, the server must find the page and send it to the person’s browser. These requests arrive at the rate of 400 per second. The coefficient of variation of the interarrival
Experience the Tour de France (ETF) is a specialty travel agent. It arranges vacations for amateur cyclists who want to experience the Tour de France by riding through one or more stages in the race. It has four people who take calls from clients. Each call lasts 30 minutes, on average, with a
A small call center normally has five employees answering calls while open. On average, five calls arrive every four minutes. Under normal operating conditions, each employee on average handles each call in 3.5 minutes. But today, one employee has the flu, so the center needs to operate with four
Using the information for Find a Doctor in the previous question, how long (in minutes) does one of their customers spend, on average, waiting on hold before he or she can start speaking to a representative?
Find a Doctor is a small startup that helps people find a physician who best meets their needs (location, insurance accepted, etc.). During a “slow” time for it, it has seven staff members taking calls from customers. On average, one call arrives every six minutes (with a standard deviation of
Larry Ellison starts a company that manufactures high-end custom leather bags. He hires two employees. Each employee only begins working on a bag when a customer order has been received and then she makes the bag from beginning to end. The average production time of a bag is 1.8 days, with a
Go Fly (GF), a startup airline, installed five self-serve kiosks to check in passengers at its Denver gate. In comparison to the five employees that were previously responsible for checking in passengers, the average processing time per customer is higher with the kiosks. In addition, customers are
The graph in Figure 16.17 plots the number of customers in a queuing system with two servers. The average processing time of each server is 400 seconds, with a standard deviation of 400 seconds. Customers wait in a single queue. Which of the following average interarrival times, a (in seconds), is
Max Stamp approves study abroad documents for the university. Students must wait in line with their forms outside Max’s office. One student at a time is allowed in his office and Max takes precisely 15 minutes to evaluate each student’s set of documents. On average, two students per hour go to
Suppose processing times and the coefficients of variation of interarrival times and processing times are held constant. If utilization is increased from 80 percent to 90 percent, which of the following systems experiences the largest increase in the average waiting time in queue? a. A queue
Huduko Inc. offers a number of computer services. One server handles its own web page. It receives requests for web pages at the rate of 90 per second. The standard deviation of these interarrival times is 0.02 second. What is the coefficient of variation of the interarrival times for this server?
YourNurse (YN) Inc. uses certified nurses to answer medical queries from customers over the phone. When patients call into YN, they are first asked to provide their zip code, which then allows YN to route their call to the call center nearest to the patient (it operates 10 across the country).
Which of the following lines in the graphs in Figure 16.16 best depicts the relationship between utilization and waiting time in a queuing system? (Assume the utilizations depicted are less than 100 percent.) a. A b. B c. C d. D e. E f. F B D Utilization Utilization
Which of the following best reflects pooling capacity to reduce restroom queue lengths?a. Add more toilets to increase capacity. b. Install a flexible partition that can alter the size of the women’s and the men’s restrooms. c. Convert the separate men’s and women’s rooms into a
From 6am to 9am customers arrive in droves to Betty’s Bakery for her annual, 1 day only, cake sale. During that 3 hour period 1.75 customers enters the Bakery every minute. Betty and her staff can box cakes and check out customers only at the rate of 70 customers per hour. What is the average
The following four graphs (Figure 16.15A, B, C, and D) display the number of customers in a queuing system (y-axis) over a long period of time (x-axis). Which of the following is most likely a stable system? a. A b. B c. C d. D A B 100 T 100 90 90 + 80 + 80 70+ 70+ 60 60
Queuing system A has a utilization of 80 percent, and queuing system B has a utilization of 90 percent. Both have a single server. Say the utilization of both systems increases by 5 percent; that is, A increases from 80 percent to 85 percent while B increases from 90 percent to 95 percent. Which
Which of the following is NOT a useful technique to reduce the average waiting time during a peak demand period in which the demand rate exceeds capacity? a. A city charges cars an extra fee for entering the downtown area during rush hour. b. A restaurant cuts ingredients in the morning
To what extent does the equation for the waiting time in a queue help explain why queues for the women’s room might be longer than queues for the men’s room before 2005 in New York City? Say women on average take twice as long in the restroom (not including waiting time) than men. Is the 2:1
A summer camp that offers one-week programs faces the challenges of long queues as parents try to check in their children each Saturday morning. If they were to add more staff to assist with the check-in process, then which of the following will occur? i. The average time parents wait
A sales organization creates a new sales forecast by simply taking the average of demand forecasts that each sales manager generated individually. What type of subjective forecasting approach best describes this? a. Forecast combination b. Forecast with consensus building c.
Deseasonalizing old demand data is the process of reintroducing the seasonal effect to forecasted data. True or false? a. True b. False
The seasonality index is based on demand fluctuations that are additive. True or false? a. True b. False
A startup has a demand that goes up by 50 percent each year. This demand increase is multiplicative. True or false? a. True b. False
Using the double exponential smoothing forecast, is it possible to forecast a demand that is bigger than any previously observed demand? a. Yes b. No
Using the exponential smoothing forecast, is it possible to forecast a demand that is bigger than any previously observed demand? a. Yes b. No
Using the moving average forecast, is it possible to forecast a demand that is bigger than any previously observed demand? a. Yes b. No
How big is the effect of statistical noise on the naїve forecast?a. Large b. Medium c. Small
Mary, Susan, and Sarah are running a beach boutique on the boardwalk of Ocean City. Their favorite product is a red lifeguard hoodie. Mary believes it will sell 340 times next season. Susan forecasts sales of 522 and Sarah forecasts 200. What would be the result of a simple forecast combination?
The intuition behind the MAE metric to evaluate old forecasts is a. to sum up the forecast errors. b. To sum up the squared forecast errors. c. To sum up the absolute values of the forecast errors. d. To average the squared forecast errors. e. To average the absolute values
La Villa is a ski resort in the Italian Alps. Many guests visit the town; however, most of them come in the winter season because of the phenomenal skiing. A group of hotels has analyzed their demand for the last three years (see the table below): Using a smoothing parameter of 0.25 and an
The intuition behind the MSE metric to evaluate old forecasts is a. To sum up the forecast errors. b. To sum up the squared forecast errors. c. To sum up the absolute values of the forecast errors. d. To average the squared forecast errors. e. To average the absolute values
MyApp is a small but growing startup that sees demand for several of its apps increase quickly. For the last six months, monthly downloads were 235,000, 290,000, 336,000, 390,000, 435,000, and 498,000. Using a forecast for the first month of 220,000, an initial trend forecast of 40,000, and
A company has an unbiased forecast for its demand. What does that mean? a. All forecast errors are equal to zero. b. All forecast errors are less than 1 percent. c. The average of all forecast errors is zero. d. The standard deviation of forecast errors is zero.
A police station had to deploy police officers for emergencies multiple times the last four evenings. The numbers of emergencies for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday were 7, 4, 8, and 11, respectively. What would be the station’s forecast for Friday using an exponential smoothing
What is the definition of a forecast error? a. The average difference between the forecast and the actual outcome b. The maximum difference between the forecast and the actual outcome c. The difference between the forecast and the actual outcome d. The percentage difference
A police station had to deploy police officers for emergencies multiple times the last four evenings. The numbers of emergencies for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday were 7, 4, 8, and 11, respectively. What would be the station’s forecast for the emergencies on Friday using a two-day
A pizza chain wants to forecast the demand rate for each store for each hour in the day. What type of forecasting method is it most likely to deploy? a. Automated forecasting b. Expert panel forecasting c. Weather forecasting d. Macroeconomic forecasting
A police station had to deploy police officers for emergencies multiple times the last four evenings. The numbers of emergencies for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday were 7, 4, 8, and 11, respectively. What would be the station’s forecast for Friday using a naїve forecasting approach?
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