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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

Consider an antenna used to transmit your favorite FM radio station (f = 103 MHz).(a) How long would a dipole antenna be for this frequency?(b) Compare your result in part (a) to the height of a
The U.S. Navy uses extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves to communicate with submarines. Suppose the frequency of these waves is 50 Hz. What is the wavelength? Typically, the size of an
AM radio stations use frequencies near 1 MHz. What is the corresponding wavelength?
Some cordless telephones use radio waves with a frequency near 2.4 GHz to transmit to their “base station.” What is the wavelength of these waves?
The dial on an FM radio contains numbers ranging from about 88 to about 108. These numbers correspond to the frequency of the radio station as measured in megahertz. What is the corresponding range
X-rays are electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths. Suppose an X-ray has a wavelength of 0.10 nm. What is its frequency?
The human body emits blackbody radiation (Chapter 14 and Eq. 14.14). What is the approximate wavelength at which this radiation has its greatest intensity?
The human eye is most sensitive to light with a wavelength of about 550 nm. What is this light’s frequency?
What is the approximate frequency at which the Sun’s radiation has the highest intensity? Consider Wien’s law, discussed in Chapter 14.
The light used in a CD player has a frequency of about 5.0x1014 Hz. What is its wavelength?
The GPS satellites described in Problem 21 are placed in orbits for which the period is approximately 12 h. (They are thus not in geosynchronous orbits.) Estimate the time it takes a GPS signal to
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites transmit radio signals used by receivers on the Earth to determine position with very high precision. The operating principle is that a receiver gets
Tromagnetic wave used by the radar system? 20. The satellite TV system used by the author employs a satellite in geosynchronous orbit about the Earth. This satellite transmits an electromagnetic wave
Radar is used to scan for airplanes near an airport. If an airplane is 30 km from the airport, what is the round-trip travel time for the electromagnetic wave used by the radar system?
Compare the electric field amplitude for the laser pointer in Problem 15 with the electric field from a point charge. Consider a point charge Q and suppose the magnitude of the electric field at a
You are initially standing at rest on the surface of a frozen lake where the ice is perfectly frictionless. At t = 0, you turn on a laser pointer (P = 1.0 mW) and shine it in a horizontal direction.
What is the electric field amplitude at a distance of 0.75 m from a 100-W lightbulb? Assume all the power of the bulb goes into the light of a single color with A = 500 nm and assume the bulb
What is the electric field amplitude associated with the light from a red laser pointer? Assume a power of 0.10 mW with a wavelength of 600 nm.
The magnetic field associated with an electromagnetic wave has an amplitude of 1.5 μT.(a) What is the amplitude of the electric field associated with this wave?(b) What is the intensity of this
An electromagnetic wave has an electric field amplitude of 20 V/m. What is the magnetic field amplitude associated with this wave?
The intensity of moonlight when it reaches the Earth’s surface is approximately 0.02 W/m2 (for a full moon). What are the amplitudes of the associated electric and magnetic fields?
The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation from the Sun when it reaches the Earth’s surface is approximately 1000 W/m2. What is the amplitude of the associated magnetic field?
A radio station called WWV broadcasts from Fort Collins, Colorado. This station broadcasts the time and has served as a “standard clock” for many years. The radio waves transmitted by this
Galileo devised an experiment to measure the speed of light. He and an assistant went to the top of nearby mountains and did the following.(1) Galileo switched on a lantern that was visible to his
In 2005, the spacecraft Huygens landed on one of the moons of Saturn. The data gathered by Huygens were relayed by radio to the Earth by a second satellite in orbit about the moon. Estimate the time
The spacecraft that have landed on Mars send their information to the Earth via radio waves. How long do these waves take to reach the Earth when(a) Mars is at its closest to the Earth?(b) Mars is
There are different types of laser pointers; one type produces red light, and another produces green light. If radiation from a red laser pointer and a green laser pointer has the same power and both
The light from a red laser pointer has a wavelength of about 600 nm. If this laser has a power of 0.10 mW, what is the momentum carried by a 3.0-s pulse of this radiation?
The electric field of an electromagnetic wave lies along the x axis, whereas the magnetic field is parallel to the z axis. What is the direction of the wave? There are two correct answers.
The human eye can detect light intensities as small as about 1 x 10-23 W/m2.(a) What is the corresponding electric field amplitude?(b) Suppose the eye senses this light by detecting the force on
Figure P23.2 shows the directions of the electric and magnetic fi elds associated with several different electromagnetic waves. What are the directions of propagation of these waves? Case 1
Approximately how long does it take a light wave to travel from your head to your toes? Assume you are standing straight up.
Air traffic controllers at an airport use radar to monitor the location of nearby planes. Their radar units deduce this distance from the time it takes a radio wave to travel from their radar antenna
Figure Q23.20 shows linearly polarized light striking a polarizer, with different angles between the incoming electric field Ein(vector) and the polarizer axis. Is there a force on the polarizer due
Fluorescent lights will glow faintly if brought under a high tension power line as shown in Figure Q23.19. The lights glow even though they are not plugged into any fixture. Explain why they glow
Figure 23.18 shows the direction of the electric field produced by an antenna. Sketch the direction of the corresponding magnetic field near the antenna for parts B through H of the figure.
In Figure 23.5, we analyzed the force exerted by the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave on an electric charge at the surface of a material when the electric field has the
Consider a bright, sunny day at the beach. Why is it that polarizing sunglasses work well at reducing the glare off the sand and water except when you lie on your side (or tilt your head toward a
Can sound waves be polarized? What about ocean waves or waves propagating on a string? What fundamental characteristic allows waves to have a polarization?
Light from bulbs and other forms of indoor lighting is typically unpolarized, whereas radio waves picked up by radios or cell phones are mostly polarized. Explain why these two types of
It is a very dusty day, and you are standing by the side of the road looking directly across the road as a car is approaching (Fig. Q23.13). Due to the dust particles in the air, you can see light
Photographers often use a “haze filter” to remove (or at least minimize) the effects of haze on their photographs. Explain how these filters work.
The glare off horizontal surfaces that you see while driving a car on a sunny day can be minimized if you wear sunglasses with polarizer films built into the lenses so that light polarized in a
Suppose you are given a polarizer, but the axis of polarization is not marked. Devise an experiment you could do to determine the polarization axis.
In the United Kingdom (and many other European countries), residents are not allowed to use a TV without purchasing a yearly license. Fines of 1000 British pounds are levied against those who are
Consider the RC circuit in Figure Q23.8. The switch is closed at t = 0 and then kept closed for a very long time. Will this circuit emit electromagnetic radiation(a) Just after the switch is
Explain how an AC circuit can generate electromagnetic radiation.
Consider the radiation pressure on an object in outer space. Explain why, all else being similar, this pressure has a larger effect on the motion of a small particle than on a large particle. Hint:
A method for spacecraft propulsion called a “solar sail” has been proposed. (See Example 23.3 and Fig. 23.6.) It would use a sail exposed to the Sun in much the same way a sailboat’s sail uses
Microwave ovens heat food items by bathing them in electromagnetic waves, yet you can watch your food cook through a window in the door (Fig. Q23.4). How is it possible for the door, with only a thin
Electromagnetic waves do not easily penetrate far into metal surfaces. Discuss why that is the case in terms of the known properties of metals, atoms, and electrons. This is one reason it is
Most vehicles have a radio antenna that is oriented along the vertical direction. Why? Is having an antenna mounted at a slanting angle an advantage or disadvantage? Explain.
A general rule of thumb when listening to and watching a thunderstorm is that the distance from a listener to the lightning strike can be estimated in the following way: First, count the number of
An indispensable device for any electronic workbench is a variable transformer or variac. Most variacs use a rotating contact to select a certain number of windings on the secondary coil, usually a
An iron nut of mass 50 g is heated from room temperature to its melting point in 52 s through magnetic induction as shown in Figure P22.85. The circuit has a capacitance of 560 nF so that it will
A series LCR circuit is comprised of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor of values 50Ω, 87 mH, and 44 μF, respectively.(a) What is the generator frequency if the total impedance of the
Transformers are not limited to two sets of windings. The relationship for winding ratios holds true for multiple sets of coils as well. The AC voltage on the primary coil in Figure P22.81 is VP =
The LC circuit in Figure P22.80 has a certain resonant frequency fres. Match the following changes to this circuit with the effect they would have on fres.(a) Connect a second capacitor in parallel
(a) A generator supplies a current to a circuit containing an inductor. It is found that the current through the inductor reaches its maximum value 22 ms after the voltage across the inductor reaches
(a) At what frequency will a 10-μF capacitor have the same reactance as a 10-mH inductor?(b) What is the reactance at this frequency?(c) If these components were assembled into a series LC circuit,
Figure P22.75 shows a model for a leaky capacitor, with a resistor in parallel with an ideal capacitor. Find the phase angle between the current through and voltage across the leaky capacitor in
When an inductor with L = 50 mH is attached to an AC voltage source, the inductive reactance is 8000Ω. What is the capacitive reactance of a capacitor with C = 450 pF when attached to the same
Consider the power line system in Example 22.10. Suppose the operating voltage is increased to 750,000 V rms and the same power of 500 MW is transmitted by the power line. What percentage of the
Figure P22.71 shows a power station (represented by the AC source) connected to a power line Rline and a city represented by Rcity. Suppose the power line has a resistance of 0.30 V/km and is 500 km
You are given the job of evaluating potential power line systems. One system is designed to operate at V = 3000 V, and another would operate at V = 12,000 V. The equivalent circuits are shown in
A 1/4-hp electric motor (see Problem 69) is listed with specifications that it requires a current of 3.2 A at 120 V (the rms AC current and voltage, respectively). What fraction of the electrical
A small electric motor such as the one in a home furnace is rated at “1/4 horsepower.” Recall that “horsepower” (abbreviated hp) is a unit of power, with 1 hp ≈ 750 W.(a) How much work does
Consider the AC motor described in Example 22.9. You want to make this motor more powerful; that is, you want it to produce a larger torque. Evaluate the following proposed design changes.(a) If the
The power brick for the author’s laptop computer has a power rating of 45 W. It uses a step-down transformer to convert the AC voltage from a wall socket (Vrms = 120 V) to a value near 12 V.(a)
The transformer in a power brick (as used in a laptop computer) converts the AC voltage from a wall socket (Vrms = 120 V) to a value near 12 V.(a) If the output coil of the transformer has 4000
European trip. In France, the wall sockets provide an AC voltage with Vrms = 230 V. You want to use an appliance designed to operate in the United States (Vrms = 120 V) and decide to build a
Consider again the transformer in Problem 63. Suppose the two coils are reversed so that 2.0 V is put across the secondary coil. What is the voltage across the primary coil? Nerve fiber ) ; 0.5
A transformer has an input coil with Nin = 300 turns and Nout = 1000 turns. If the voltage across the input coil has an amplitude of 2.0 V, what is the voltage across the output circuit?
A nerve fiber can be modeled electrically as an RC circuit as illustrated in Figure P22.62. The interior of the fiber acts as a resistor, and the resistance is determined by the solution inside the
The circuit in Figure P22.61 acts as a filter.(a) What is the ratio of the output voltage (amplitude) to the input voltage at very high frequencies?(b) What is the ratio of the output voltage to the
The circuit in Figure P22.60 acts as a filter.(a) What is the ratio of the output voltage (amplitude) to the input voltage at very high frequencies?(b) What is the ratio of the output voltage to the
An RL circuit contains a resistor with R = 6500Ω and an inductor with L = 1500 μH. If the impedance of this circuit is 150,000Ω, what is the frequency?
An RC circuit containing a resistor with R = 2500Ω and a capacitor with C = 1500 μF is attached to an AC generator with Vmax = 3.5 V and f 25 = kHz.(a) What is the impedance of this circuit?(b)
An LCR circuit contains a resistor with R = 450Ω and a capacitor with C = 5500 mF. If the resonant frequency is 33 kHz, what is the value of the inductance?
Estimate the impedance of the LC circuit in Figure P22.55 at the very low frequency of 30 Hz. Will this impedance be dominated by the capacitor or by the inductor? Will this impedance increase or
Estimate the impedance of the LC circuit in Figure P22.55 at the very high frequency of 30 MHz. Will this impedance be dominated by the capacitor or the inductor? Will this impedance increase or
Consider the circuit in Figure P22.52. The voltage of the AC source is V = Vmax sin (2πft). If the frequency is extremely low (i.e., if f is very small), what is the amplitude of the current in the
An LCR circuit contains a resistor with R = 4500Ω, a capacitor with C = 5500 mF, and an inductor with L = 2.2 mH, all connected in series. The AC source has a frequency of 75 kHz.(a) What is the
Consider the RL circuit in Figure P22.52 with R = 1500Ω, L = 2.5 mH, and an AC frequency of 70 kHz. What is the phase angle ϕ between the phasors that represent VAC and the current? VAC
When an LC circuit is at resonance, is the impedance (a) zero,(b) 2πfL,(c) 1/(2πfC),(d) 1/√LC
An inductor with L = 35 mH is connected in parallel with a capacitor with C = 75 mF.(a) If they are connected to an AC voltage source with f = 2.5 kHz, where is the current larger, in the inductor or
You are given a collection of inductors and capacitors and are asked to construct LC circuits for several different applications. The inductances range from L = 10 μH to 85 mH, and the capacitances
The LCR circuit in Figure P22.48 is driven by a voltage source with VAC = Vmax sin(2πft), where Vmax = 12 V, R = 150Ω, and C = 25 nF.(a) If the resonant frequency is fres = 95 MHz, what is L?(b)
An LC circuit with L = 55 mH is used in a radio to determine the frequency of a selected radio station. The station’s frequency is equal to the resonant frequency of the circuit.(a) The radio is
Consider again the LC circuit in Problem 42 and Figure P22.42. If the charge on the capacitor at a particular instant is 5.0 x 10-8 C, and the energy stored in the capacitor is equal to the
An LC circuit has L = 0.50 mH and C = 1.2 mF. If the total energy stored in this circuit is 2.5 μJ (2.5 x10-6 J), what are(a) the maximum charge qmax on the capacitor and(b) the maximum current?(c)
An LC circuit has a resonant frequency f = 50 kHz, and L = 0.44 mH. What is the capacitance of the capacitor?
Consider the LC circuit in Problem 42 and Figure P22.42. At t = 0, the current is I = 45 mA and the charge q on the capacitor is zero.(a) What is the energy stored in the inductor at t = 0?(b) At
Consider an LC circuit with L = 15 mH and C = 2500 pF (Fig P22.42).(a) At what frequency is the reactance of the inductor equal to the reactance of the capacitor?(b) What is the resonant frequency of
The resonant frequency of an LC circuit is f0.(a) If the inductance is increased by a factor of eight, what is the new resonant frequency?(b) How should the capacitance be changed to change the
Consider an inductor with L = 50 mH and a resistor with R = 20 kΩ. At what frequency is the reactance of the inductor equal to the resistance of this resistor?
Figure P22.39 shows the voltage across an inductor with L = 20 mH.(a) At what time is the energy stored in the inductor a maximum? What is the energy at that moment?(b) At what time is the energy
The voltage source in Figure P22.38 has an amplitude of 5.0 V and a frequency of 75 Hz. What is the amplitude of the current through the inductors? V (V) L = 5.0 mH ll t (ms) VAC L2 = 10 mH -1 Figure
Draw a phasor diagram that shows the voltage across and current through the inductor in Problem 36. See Figure P22.36. AC Figure P22.36
Consider the circuit in Figure P22.36.(a) If the current through the inductor (L = 25 mH) at 400 Hz has an amplitude of 55 mA, what is the amplitude of the AC voltage?(b) What is the rms value of the

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