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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

You are given four capacitors, each with capacitance C. Devise two ways to connect these capacitors to get a total equivalent capacitance greater than C.
A piece of wire with a constant cross-sectional area has a total resistance R0. The wire is cut into three pieces of equal length, which are then reconnected to form an equivalent resistor with
You are given four resistors, all with resistance R. Devise a way to connect these resistors to get an equivalent resistance of 2.5R.
You are given four resistors, each with resistance R. Devise two ways to connect these resistors to get a total equivalent resistance less than R. Figure Ans Q19.12
You are given four resistors, each with resistance R. Devise two ways to connect these resistors to get a total equivalent resistance greater than R.
If three circuit elements are connected in parallel, which of the following statements is true? (a) The voltage across the circuit elements is always the same.(b) The current through the circuit
If two circuit elements are connected in series, which of the following staements is true? (a) The voltage across the circuit elements is always the same.(b) The current through the circuit
An incandescent lightbulb contains a fi lament that has a certain electrical resistance R. The brightness of the bulb depends on the current and increases as the current through the fi lament is
Which of the plots in Figure Q19.8 shows how the current depends on voltage for an ordinary resistor?? I Plot 1 I Plot 2 I Plot 3 I Plot 4 Kレ V V V Figure Q19.8
In Chapter 17, we argued that the electric field inside a metal in equilibrium is always zero. In this chapter, we found that there is a nonzero electric field inside a current-carrying wire. How can
Is the product of the voltage across a conductor and the current through the conductor called the (a) power,(b) capacitance,(c) resistance?
Is the ratio of the voltage across a conductor to the current through the conductor called the(a) power,(b) capacitance,c) resistance
In a solution of salt water (NaCl dissolved in water), is an electric current carried mainly by(a) electrons,(b) protons,(c) Na+,(d) Cl-,(e) Na+ and Cl-, or(f) electrons and protons?
In a metal, is an electric current carried by(a) protons,(b) electrons,(c) both protons and electrons?
Explain why a complete circuit is necessary for a nonzero current to exist.
Discuss how Kirchhoff’s rules for circuit analysis are related to conservation principles.
Some electrostatic air cleaners consist of parallel metal plates with wire electrodes running between them as sketched in Figure P18.88. These air cleaners act by first ionizing a dust particle and
An atom of Na can combine with an atom of Cl to form the molecule NaCl. It is a good approximation to view this process as two steps (Fig. P18.87) in which the Na atom gives up an electron to the Cl
A useful model of a water molecule is sketched in Figure P18.86, with point charges of 5.2 × 10-20 C at the H sites and a point charge -10.4 × 10-20 C at the O site. The H–O bond length is 9.6 ×
(a) A capacitor with C = 15 F is used to store energy. If this capacitor stores an amount of energy equal to the kinetic energy of a baseball (m = 0.22 kg) moving at 45 m/s (about 100 mi/h), what is
Big shock. One of the world’s most advanced capacitor banks (Fig. P18.84), located at the Rossendorf Research Center in Dresden, Germany, can store 50 MJ of energy and release it in less than 5 ms.
The electric eel. The knife fish species Electrophorus electricus shown in Figure P18.83 is not really an eel, but it can grow up to 2 m long and generate a potential difference of 600 V between a
Benjamin Franklin made use of a “bank” of Leiden jars (Fig. P18.82) for some of his experiments. (a) Are these 35 Leiden jar capacitors arranged in series or in parallel? Close inspection of
Some of the first capacitors constructed were called Leiden jars. These capacitors were actual jars with a layer of foil on the inside and outside of the glass as shown in Figure P18.81. A conducting
A homemade capacitor is made from a sandwich of a piece of standard printer paper (8.5 in. by 11 in., 20-lb bond, 0.0038 in. thick) between two equal area sheets of aluminum foil. (a) Calculate
Big cap. The unit of capacitance is the farad. A capacitor with C = 1 F is a large one; although such capacitors do exist, most applications use capacitors with capacitances in the range of mF, µF,
Two metal spheres, each of mass 10 g and initially at rest, are dropped from a height of 5.0 m in an evacuated chamber. One sphere has a charge of +100 µC, and the other has a charge –100 µC.
A proton is directed such that it comes within 1.8 × 10-15 m of a carbon nucleus. (a) How much kinetic energy must the proton have initially to get this close to (i.e., “collide” with) the
Consider two isolated, charged conducting spheres. One is a large sphere, and the second is smaller with a radius four times smaller than that of the large sphere but with four times as much charge.
If the charge Q in Figure P18.74 is doubled, by what factor does the energy density change at point A? Figure P18.74 ? A ●B C +Q
Figure P18.74 shows a point charge. At which point (A, B, or C) is the energy density (the energy per unit volume) largest? Figure P18.74 ? A ●B C +Q
A parallel-plate capacitor with C = 10 µF is charged so as to contain 1.2 J of energy. If the capacitor has a vacuum between plates that are spaced by 0.30 mm, what is the energy density (the energy
Suppose the energy stored in the electric field in a particular region of space is 50 J in a region of volume 10 mm3. What is the average electric field strength in this region?
A defibrillator containing a 20-µF capacitor is used to shock the heart of a patient in serious condition by attaching it to the patient’s chest. Just prior to discharging, the capacitor has a
Using the data from Problems 67 and 68, find the approximate separation between two equipotential surfaces with ΔV = 100 V near the Earth’s surface. Compare this distance to your height.Data From
Using the data from Problems 67 and 68, find the approximate electric potential 1.5 m above the Earth’s surface (about eye level). Take the ground to be at V = 0.Data From Problem 67Experiments
Use the data from Problem 67 to estimate the approximate electric field near the Earth’s surface.Data From Problem 67Experiments have shown that in good weather the Earth has, on average, a
Experiments have shown that in good weather the Earth has, on average, a negative charge of approximately 10-13 C on every square centimeter of surface area. What is the approximate total excess
A parallel-plate capacitor initially has Mylar between its plates and carries charge ±Q. A different dielectric is then inserted between the plates without changing the charge. If the energy stored
The dielectric in a capacitor is changed to a material with a dielectric constant that is larger by a factor of five. If the charge on the capacitor is held fixed, by what factor does the energy
When you walk across a carpeted floor while wearing socks on a dry day, your socks (and hence you) become charged by rubbing with the carpet. When your finger approaches a metal doorknob, you notice
Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with an area of 1.0 cm2, with a plate spacing of 0.20 mm, and filled with mica. At what voltage will this capacitor exhibit dielectric breakdown?
A cell membrane is composed of lipid molecules and is approximately 10 nm thick. If the dielectric constant of a lipid is k ≈ 5, what is the approximate capacitance of a spherical cell that has a
In Example 18.8, we analyzed a parallel-plate capacitor (plate area L × L with L - 0.10 µm and a plate separation of 10 nm) as might be found in an integrated circuit (RAM chip), but we omitted the
The space between the plates of a capacitor is filled with paper. By what factor does the paper change the capacitance relative to that found when the plates are filled with air?
Consider a capacitor with the same dimensions as the capacitor in Example 18.10, but now suppose there is air between the plates. What is the maximum safe operating voltage of this capacitor? That
A parallel-plate capacitor has square plates of edge length 1.0 cm and a plate spacing of 0.10 mm. If the gap between the plates is filled with mica, what is the capacitance?
A charge ±Q is placed on the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor. The plate spacing is then increased from L to 2L. (a) By what factor does the electric potential energy stored in this
Some charge is placed on a capacitor with C1 = 35 µF so that ΔV = 12 V. The capacitor is then attached in parallel to a second capacitor with C2 = 55 µF. What is the final voltage across the two
An amount of charge ±Q is placed on the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor so that the potential across the plates is ΔVinit. The capacitor is then disconnected, and the separation between
Two capacitors with C1 = 1.5 µF and C2 = 2.5 µF are connected in parallel. If the combined charge on both capacitors is 25 µC, what is the voltage across the capacitors?
Four capacitors are connected as shown in Figure P18.53. What is the equivalent capacitance? Figure P18.53 ? 10 μF 5.0 μF 10 μF 2.0 μF
Design a combination of identical capacitors, each with capacitance C, for which the equivalent capacitance is 3C/4.
Three capacitors are connected as shown in Figure P18.51. What is the equivalent capacitance?Figure P18.51 10 μF 5.0 μF 5.0 μF
Four capacitors, all with capacitance C, are connected in series as shown in Figure P18.50. What is the equivalent capacitance of this combination? Figure P18.50 ? C C C C
Three capacitors, all with capacitance C, are connected in parallel as shown in Figure P18.49. What is the equivalent capacitance of this combination?Figure P18.49 C
Consider a hollow metal cylinder of radius 1.0 mm that has a thin wire of radius 0.50 mm running down the center as sketched in Figure P18.48. This structure is a capacitor, with the wire acting as
A charge ±Q is placed on the plates of a capacitor, which is then disconnected from the outside world. The separation between the plates is changed, and it is found that the voltage across the
Design a parallel-plate capacitor with C = 5.0 F. That is, find values of the plate area and the plate spacing that will give this capacitance. Assume there is a vacuum between the plates. Be sure to
A voltage of 12 V is placed on a capacitor with C = 100 pF (picofarads). (a) What is the charge on the capacitor? (b) How much energy is stored in the capacitor?
A typical capacitor in an MP3 player has C = 0.10 µF. If a charge ±5.0 µC is placed on the plates, what is the voltage across the capacitor?
A parallel-plate capacitor has square plates of edge length 1.0 cm and a plate spacing of 0.010 mm. If the gap between the plates is a vacuum, what is the capacitance?
Make a sketch of the equipotential surfaces between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor.
The dimensions of a parallel-plate capacitor are all increased by a factor of three. By what factor does the capacitance change?
Figure P18.40 shows several equipotential surfaces that result from a point charge at the origin. (a) If V0 = +20 V, is this point charge positive or negative? (b) An external force moves an electron
A proton is initially at the point (x, y) - (0, -1.5 m) in Figure P18.37. An external force then moves the proton to (x, y) = (3.0 m, 0). If the proton begins from rest and has a final speed of zero,
If an electron placed at the point (x, y) = (1.0 m, -1.0 m) in Figure P18.37 is released from rest, in what direction will it move? Figure P18.37 ? y (m) tx (m) -4 15 V 10 V --3 V = 5 V
The equipotential planes in a particular region of space are shown in Figure P18.37.? (a) What is the approximate magnitude and direction of the electric field at the origin? Consider only the
Make a sketch of the equipotential surfaces near the plane of charge in Figure P18.27. How is the direction of E(vector) related to the orientation of an equipotential surface? Figure P18.27 ? of 7
Two point particles with charges q1 and q2 are separated by a distance L as shown in Figure P18.35. The electric potential is zero at point A, which is a distance L/4 from q1. What is the ratio
Consider a solid sphere of radius R = 0.55 m that is uniformly charged with ρ = -2.5 µC/m3. What is the electric potential a distance 2.5 m from the center of the sphere?
A thin circular ring of charge has radius R and charge per unit length l. What is the electric potential at the center of the ring? Take V = 0 at infinity.
Two infinite, parallel, uniformly charged plates with charge densities +??and -3??are separated by a distance L (Fig. P18.32). If the plate on the right is at V = 0, what is the potential of the
A point charge Q is located at the center of a spherical metal shell that has an inner radius r1 and an outer radius r2. The net excess charge of the shell is zero. (a) What is the excess charge
A point charge Q is located at the center of a very thin, spherical metal shell. The net excess charge of the shell is zero. If the radius of the shell is rshell, what is the electric potential of
Ten electrons are placed on a metal sphere. If the potential of the sphere is -35 V, what is the radius of the sphere?
Consider again the plane of charge in Figure P18.27 with???= 2.0 ?C/m2. Calculate the change in potential experienced by an electron that starts a distance 2.5 m from the plane and moves a distance
An infinite plane of charge (Fig. P18.27) has a charge per unit area of???= 2.0 ?C/m2. What is the change in the electric potential between points that are 2.5 m (initial) and 4.5 m (final) from the
The electric potential varies with x as sketched in Figure P18.26. Make a qualitative plot of the component of the electric field along the x direction as a function of x. Figure P18.26 ? V (V) +100
Four point charges, each with Q = 4.5 μC, are arranged at the corners of a square of edge length 1.5 m. What is the electric potential at the center of the square?
The electric field in a particular region of space is constant with a magnitude of 300 V/m and is along the y direction. (a) Sketch how the electric potential varies along y, starting from the origin
The electrons in a CRT are accelerated through a potential difference of 30 kV. (a) Do the electrons move from a region of high potential to a region of low potential, or vice versa?(b) What is
How much work (as measured in joules) is required to push an electron through a region where the potential change is +45 V? Assume the electron moves from a region of low potential to a region of
Consider a very small charged sphere that contains 35 electrons. At what distance from the center of the sphere is the potential equal to -60 V?
A proton moves from a location where V = 75 V to a spot where V = -20 V. (a) What is the change in the proton’s kinetic energy? (b) If we replace the proton with an electron, what is the
For the situation described in Problem 17, what is the average electric field along a line 10 cm long that connects the initial and final locations of the electron? Be sure to give both the magnitude
The electric potential difference between two infinite, parallel metal plates is V. If the plates are separated by a distance L = 3.0 mm and the electric field between the plates is E = 250 V/m, what
An electron is moved from an initial location where the potential is Vi = 30 V to a final location where Vf = 150 V. What is the change in the electron’s potential energy? Express your answer in
Find the electric potential V at the center of the electric dipole in Figure P18.6. Express your answer in terms of Q and L. Figure P18.6 ? -오 +Q L L
An oxygen ion O2 is a distance r = 5.0 × 10 10 m from a H+ ion. How much energy is required to separate them completely? Treat both ions as point charges.
The two electrons in a helium atom are separated by about 0.10 nm and the separation between either electron and the nucleus is about 0.050 nm. What is the total electric potential energy of the
Two point charges Q1 = +1.2 µC and Q2 = +3.2 µC are initially separated by 1.0 m and held fixed. The charges are then released, and both move in response to the electric force between them. What is
An electron and a proton are a distance r = 7.5 × 10-9 m apart. How much energy is required to increase their separation by a factor of two?
A proton is placed at the origin. An electron that is initially very far away is then taken on the path shown in Figure P18.11 and eventually stops a distance of 3.0 nm (= 3.0 ? 10-9 m) from the
Consider again the three charges in Figure P18.9 with Q1 = 2.5 ?C, Q2 = 4.5 ?C, and Q3 = -3.5 ?C. A fourth charge q = -5.0 ?C is brought from very far away and placed at the origin. ? (a) How much
Three point charges Q1 = 2.5 ?C, Q2 = 4.5 ?C, and Q3 = -3.5 ?C are arranged as shown in Figure P18.9. What is the total electric potential energy of this system? Figure P18.9 ? y Q Q2 L Q1 I L = 1.5
The electric field in a particular region of space is found to be uniform, with a magnitude of 400 N/C and parallel to the +y direction. (a) What is the change in electric potential energy of a
Two point charges are located as shown in Figure P18.7, with charge q1 = +2.5 C at x = -3.0 m, y = 0, and charge q2 = +4.0 C at x = +1.0 m, y = +2.0 m. An electron is now taken from a point very far
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges +Q and -Q as sketched in Figure P18.6. How much work is required to place a charge q at the origin? Assume q starts from very far away. Figure
A simple model of a hydrogen atom pictures the electron and proton as point charges separated by 0.050 nm, and in Example 18.1 we calculated the associated electric potential energy. If the electron

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