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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

Suppose that electrical energy costs about $0.093/(kW hour) (that is what you pay your local electric company). In a recent month, the author’s electric bill was $150.(a) If the electric potential
Consider a resistor that dissipates 0.50 W when attached to a battery with an emf of 120 V. If this resistor is attached to a battery with a emf of 9.0 V, how many electrons pass through the resistor
Platinum wires are often used as thermometers due to the change in resistivity of platinum with temperature. The temperature coefficient of resistivity for platinum is α = 3.9 x 10-3 K-1. Suppose a
The fi lament of an incandescent lightbulb is a thin tungsten wire. Suppose a lightbulb has a resistance of 50 Ω at room temperature. During normal operation, the filament reaches a temperature of
The temperature coefficient of resistivity for copper is a 3.9 x 10-3 K-1. If a copper wire has a resistance of 350Ω at 20 K, what is its resistance at 420 K?
A defibrillator is used by emergency medical staff to shock the heart of an accident victim by applying a 10,000-V potential difference across the victim’s chest.(a) If the defibrillator has an
Consider a single ion channel (Problem 85) with R = 109Ω. During an action potential, this channel is open for approximately 1.0 ms for the flow of Na+ ions with a potential difference across the
Cell membranes contain openings called ion channels that allow ions to move from the inside of the cell to the outside. Consider a typical ion channel with a diameter of 1.0 nm and a length of 10 nm.
Consider the nerve fiber discussed in Example 19.10. Assume the fi ber is coated with a layer of myelin that is 100 nm thick. If the dielectric constant of myelin is the same as for a lipid layer,
It is possible to devise clever circuit arrangements that behave as ideal meters. The circuit in Figure P19.83 is able to measure the voltage across resistor R4 without affecting the original
Suppose an ammeter and voltmeter are used to determine a resistor’s resistance. If the ammeter is connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter is connected across the resistor only, show
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.81. Find the potential difference between points A and B. Express your answer in terms of ε and R. Assume the voltmeter is ideal `R' = 1.01R Figure P19.81
For the circuit in Figure P19.80, draw the proper placement of an ammeter or voltmeter to measure(a) the current through and voltage across R1,(b) the current through and voltage across (R1 + R2),(c)
Suppose a voltmeter has an internal resistance of 50 kV. Determine the current through the meter when it is properly connected across a 50-V resistor that is connected to a 10-V source. R1 R3
Suppose an ammeter has an internal resistance of 1.0 mV. Find the current in the ammeter when it is properly connected to a 2.0000-V resistor and a 12.000-V source. Express your answer to four
Although an ideal ammeter has an internal resistance of zero, this theoretical ideal is usually not met in practice. The ammeter in Figure P19.77 has an internal resistance of 0.010 V and is used to
Although an ideal voltmeter has an infinite internal resistance, this theoretical ideal is usually not met in practice. The voltmeter in Figure P19.76 has an internal resistance of 109 Ω and is
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.75. Match each hypothetical change in the circuit in the left column with the effect that change would have on the right(a) Attach a resistor between points A and
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.74. Match each hypothetical change in the circuit in the left column with the effect that change would have on the right.(a) Attach a capacitor between points E and
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.72 and assume the switch has been closed for a very long time. What is the current through the circuit? What are the charges on the two capacitors?Figure
The capacitors in Figure P19.72 are initially uncharged when the switch is closed. Make a sketch of how the current through the circuit varies with time after the switch is closed. What is the time
Consider again the circuit in Figure P19.70. After switch S1 is closed for a very long time, switch S1 is opened and switch S2 is simultaneously closed.(a) What is the current through switch S2 the
The capacitor in Figure P19.70 is initially uncharged, and both switches are open. What is the current through the battery the instant after switch S1 is closed? In the circuits in Figures
What is the time constant for the circuit in Figure P19.67? Sketch how the current through the circuit and the voltage across the capacitor vary with time after the switch is closed. In the
If the switch in Figure P19.67 is closed for a very long time, what is the charge on the capacitor? In the circuits in Figures P19.67, P19.70, and P19.72, assume the resistance values are R1 =
What is the current in the circuit in Figure P19.67 the moment after the switch is closed? Assume the capacitor is initially uncharged.In the circuits in Figures P19.67, P19.70, and P19.72, assume
Figure P19.66. If C1 = 2.5 μF, C2 = 4.5 μF, C3 = 3.3 μF, and C4 = 1.5 μF, what is their equivalent capacitance? C2 C4 C3 Figure P19.66
Seven capacitors, all with the same capacitance C, are connected in series. What is the value of the equivalent capacitor?
Consider the three capacitors in Figure P19.64. If C1 = 2.5 ?F, C2 = 3.5 ?F, and C3 = 1.5 ?F, what is the equivalent capacitance? ? C3 HHHE Figure P19.64
Five capacitors, all with the same capacitance C, are connected in parallel. What is the value of the equivalent capacitor?
The capacitors in Figure P19.62 have capacitances C1 = 7.5 μF and C2 = 3.5 μF. What is the equivalent capacitance of this arrangement? Figure P19.62
For the circuit in Problem 60, what is the current through the circuit(a) just after the switch is closed(b) after the switch has been closed for a very long time? The circuit in Problem 60 ?? S R
Consider the RC circuit in Figure P19.60, with R1 = 1000 V, R2 = 3000 V, and C = 1.0 mF. When the switch is closed, the current will vary with time as sketched in Figure 19.30A. What is the time
A real battery has some internal resistance Rint in series with an ideal battery with an emf of V0. In an attempt to determine Rint and V0 of such a battery, the voltage across the battery terminals
Analyzing a real battery. The battery in Figure P19.58 is a real battery. That is, it has some internal resistance Rint in series with an ideal battery with an emf of V0. In an attempt to determine
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.55, with resistors R1 = 750Ω, R2 = 250Ω, and R3 = 420 Ω. For what value of resistor R4 is the current through resistor R5 zero? R3 R1 R5 R4 R2
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to analyze the circuit in Figure P19.56.(a) Let I1 be the branch current though R1, I2 be the branch current through R2, and I3 be the branch current through R3. Write
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.55, with resistors R1 = 750Ω, R2 = 250 Ω, R3 = 420 Ω, R4 = 170 Ω, and R5 = 750 Ω, and battery with emf ε = 9.0 V. Does current flow from left to right or
Consider again the circuit in Figure P19.53. Write the Kirchhoff’s loop rule relation for a loop that passes through battery 1, resistor 1, and resistor 2. Show that the resulting equation can be
Use Kirchhoff’s rules to analyze the circuit in Figure P19.53.(a) Let I1 be the branch current through R1 and I2 be the branch current through R2. Write Kirchhoff’s loop rule relation for a loop
Use the approach from Problems 50 and 51 to analyze the circuit in Figure P19.52. What is the current through the battery and resistor R1? Hint: First redraw the circuit so that the parallel and
Use your results from Problem 50 to fi nd the current through R2 in Figure P19.48. Hint: First fi nd the voltage across the parallel combination of resistors.Figure P19.48R1 = 2400 V, R2 = 1400 V, R3
Analyze the circuit in Figure P19.48.(a) Express the resistors in parallel as a single equivalent resistor. What is the value of this resistor?(b) Combine this equivalent resistor with R1 to get the
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.48 and assume all the resistors are identical. Only one of the following statements is true. Which one?(a) The power dissipated is the same in all three
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.48. The resistors are identical with R1 = R2 = R3 = 2000 Ω, and the battery voltage is ε1 = 9.0 V. What is the current through resistor R1? R2 R1 R3 Figure
You are given four resistors, each with resistance R. Devise a way to connect these resistors so that the total equivalent resistance is R. No cheating; you must use all the resistors so that there
Consider the cube of resistors in Figure P19.46. If all the resistors have the same value, what is the equivalent resistance between points A and B? Start by considering a Kirchhoff?s rule analysis
The lightbulbs in Figure P19.45 are all identical. Which bulb will be brightest? Which one will be dimmest? Bulb 2 Bulb 1 Bulb 3 Bulb 4 Figure P19.45
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.44. Match each hypothetical change in the circuit in the left column with the effect that change would have on the right. (a) Attach a resistor between A
How could you connect another resistor to the circuit in Figure P19.42 so as to reduce the brightness of the bulb? That is, would you connect the new resistor to points A and B, A and C, or B and
Figure P19.42 shows a circuit containing a battery in series with a resistor and a lightbulb. The brightness of the lightbulb depends on the current through the bulb: increasing the current increases
If bulb 2 in Figure P19.40 burns out and then acts as an open circuit (i.e., an infinite resistance), what happens to the brightness of bulbs 1 and 3? Assume the resistances of the other bulbs do not
The circuit in Figure P19.40 shows three identical lightbulbs attached to an ideal battery with ε = 18 V. If the resistance of each bulb is 200 Ω, fi nd the current through bulb 1 and the current
Two appliances are connected in parallel to a 120-V battery and draw currents I1 5 2.0 A and I2 5 3.5 A. If these appliances are instead connected in series to the same battery, what is the total
If the current in the circuit in Figure P19.29 is 0.15 A and the resistances are R1 = 1500 Ω and R1 = 2500 Ω, what is the emf of the battery? R1 R2 Figure P19.29
An electric heater consumes electrical energy at a rate of P 5 250 W when connected to a battery with an emf of 120 V.(a) What is the current in the heater?(b) If you wish to increase the power
A typical lightbulb in your residence is rated 100 W, which means that the bulb dissipates 100 W when connected to a DC voltage of 110 V.(a) What is the current?(b) If the voltage is reduced to 55 V,
Consider the resistors in series in Figure P19.29. If R1 = 2500 V and R2 = 3500 V, what is the ratio of the powers dissipated in the two resistors? R1 R2 Figure P19.29
Consider the resistors in parallel in Figure P19.26. If R1 = 2500 V and R2 = 6500 V, what is the ratio of the powers dissipated in the two resistors? 3 -I R www www R
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.29 with R1 = 1500 Ω and R2 = 3500 Ω. If ε = 12 V, what is the power dissipated in R2? R1 R2 Figure P19.29
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.32 with four identical resistors R connected to make a square.(a) What is the resistance between points A and B?(b) Between points B and C? в A Ce Figure
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.31 with resistors R1 = 550 Ω, R2 = 5 400 Ω, R3 = 220 Ω, and R4 = 170 Ω. What is the equivalent resistance between points A and B? R2 R1 R33 R4 B-
Seven resistors, all with resistance R, are connected in series. What is the equivalent resistance of this combination?
Two resistors with R1 = 1500 V and R2 = 3500 V are connected in series as shown in Figure P19.29.(a) If the battery emf is ε = 12 V, what is the current through each of the resistors?(b) What is the
Five resistors, all with resistance R, are connected in parallel. What is the equivalent resistance of this combination?
What is the equivalent resistance of the two resistors in Problem 26? Resistor Problem 26 R1 R2
Two resistors with R1= 1500 Ω and R2 = 3500 Ω are connected in parallel as shown in Figure P19.26. If the battery emf is ε = 12 V, what is the current through each of the resistors?
The three resistors in Figure P19.25 all have the same resistance. When the switch is closed,(a) by what factor does the current in resistor 1 change?(b) By what factor does the potential difference
A resistor with R = 50 Ω is connected to a battery with emf ε = 3.0 V.(a) What is the current through the battery?(b) What is the current through the resistor?(c) What is the power
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.23 with resistors R1 = 2500Ω and R2 = 4500 Ω, and R3 = 1200 Ω, batteries with emfs ε1 = 6.5 V and ε2 = 1.3 V. What is the magnitude of the current in the
Consider the circuit in Figure P19.22 with resistors R1 = 3200Ω and R2 = 8100 Ω, and batteries with emfs ε1 = 7.5 V and ε2 = 2.3 V. What is the magnitude of the current in the circuit? R1 E2 R2
If a current of 0.10 A flows through a resistor and the potential drop across the resistor is 1.5 V, what is the resistance?
There is a potential difference of V 20 V across a resistor with R = 50Ω. What is the current through the resistor?
A copper wire is made with the same diameter and length as the capillary tube in Problem 18. What is the ratio of the resistance of the capillary tube to the resistance of the copper wire?
A glass capillary tube with a diameter of 0.50 mm and length 10 cm is filled with a salt solution with a resistivity of 0.10Ωm. What is the resistance?
If the current through a resistor is increased by a factor of 3, by what factor does the power change?
If the current through a resistor is increased by a factor of 3, by what factor does the voltage change?
It is possible to get copper wires with diameters as small as about 1 μm. If such a wire has a resistance of 5Ω how long is it?
An aluminum wire has a diameter of 0.50 mm and a length of 7.5 m. What is its resistance?
The electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) can generate a potential difference of 600 V between a region just behind its head and its tail. Suppose an unsuspecting fi sh swims into this area,
A wire has a diameter of 1.0 mm and a length of 30 m, and is found to have a resistance of 1.2 Ω. What is the resistivity of the wire?
If the diameter of a piece of wire is reduced by a factor of 2.5, by what factor does the resistance change?
If the length of a wire is increased by a factor of 4, by what factor does the resistance change?
Calculate the resistance of a piece of copper wire that is 1.0 m long and has a diameter of 1.0 mm.
A 14.4-V battery for a cordless drill can supply 2.0 A of current.(a) If the drill is continuously operated for 5 min, what is the total charge passing through the battery?(b) What total amount of
Lithium-iodine batteries are particularly useful in situations in which small amounts of current are required over a long period of time. One such application is in a cardiac pacemaker (Fig. P19.7),
Car batteries are typically rated in ampere-hours, or A · h.(a) Show that ampere-hours are actually a unit of charge and determine the conversion from ampere-hours to coulombs.(b) If a 100 A · h
During a thunderstorm, a lightning “bolt” carries current between a cloud and the ground below. If a particular bolt carries a total charge of 20 C in 1.0 ms, what is the magnitude of the
Electrons move between points A and B in Figure P19.4 at a rate of 15 electrons per second. What is the current? Give the magnitude and direction of I. -e re Figure P19.4
A current of 0.75 A fl ows through a lightbulb for 1 h. How many electrons pass through the lightbulb in this time?
As a treatment for chronic back pain, a medical patient may be fitted with a device that passes a small electrical current (10 mA) through the muscles in the lower back as shown in Figure P19.2. If
A current of 3.5 A flows through a wire. How many electrons pass a particular point on the wire in 12 s?
When the author built his current house, he ran wires in the walls to be used for stereo speakers. He ran wires from several different rooms to a central location, but he forgot to mark the wires so
The circuit in Figure Q19.23 has a nonzero current that will carry electrons from one end of the resistor through the wire at the top to the positive terminal of the battery. We know that electrons
If one terminal of a battery is connected to an object, does any charge fl ow from the battery to the object? If there is charge fl ow, explain why it is very brief.
In Example 19.1, we stated an estimate for the number of tungsten atoms in the fi lament of a lightbulb. Carry out a calculation of this number and compare your result with our estimate.
In Example 19.2, we discussed how a capacitor can be used to store electrical energy. Investigate how capacitors are used in real camera fl ash circuits and discuss why they are better for this
Figure Q19.19 shows two circuits which contain the same circuit elements, but the positions of the resistors are interchanged. Will that affects the current? Justify your answer using Kirchhoff?s
In Example 19.5, we used the rules for combining resistors in series and in parallel to analyze the circuit in Figure 19.22. Take a different approach and use Kirchhoff?s rules to derive equations
You are given four capacitors, each with capacitance C. Devise two ways to connect these capacitors to get a total capacitance less than C.

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