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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

(a) Many heat engines need both a working fluid and a source of heat, often from a chemical process like combustion. Identify the working fluid and the source of heat for a steam engine like the one in Figure 16.27.? (b) Many refrigerators require a working fluid and some device that does work.
Consider a thermodynamic process in which an ice cube melts to become a liquid (water). Is the change in internal energy of the H2O positive or negative? Is the change in entropy of the H2O positive or negative?
Explain how a heat pump can deliver more heat energy into a house than the pump consumes as work.
Consider a window air conditioner in terms of the thermodynamic block diagram for a refrigerator in Figure 16.32A. Identify the hot reservoir, the cold reservoir, and the source of mechanical work.Figure 16.32A A refrigerator is a heat engine run in reverse. TH (hot reservoir) Refrigerator Tc (cold
What quantity is represented by an area enclosed by a curve on a P–V diagram? What device is described by following such a curve in a clockwise direction? If the process follows the curve counterclockwise, what kind of device is being represented?
Consider an ideal gas that is expanding in a cylinder with a piston. As the gas expands, the piston moves such that a constant pressure is maintained. Does the temperature rise or fall? Does heat flow into or out of the gas in this process?
Can heat flow either into or out of a substance without the substance changing temperature? If not, why? If so, explain and give an example of such a process.
It is a very hot day, and your friend decides to cool his apartment by opening the door of his refrigerator. Use thermodynamics to answer the following question: Will this method cool his apartment?
Two blocks, one of wood and the other aluminum, are at room temperature. When you touch them, the aluminum feels cold and the wood feels warm. Why? Is there a temperature at which both blocks would feel the same temperature to you? Explain.
Suppose a particular molecule is diffusing a certain distance through a particular substance. By what factor will the diffusion time change if (a) The distance is doubled, (b) The absolute temperature is increased by a factor of two, and (c) The mass of the molecule is doubled?
Which number is closest to Avogadro’s number? (a) The number of people on the Earth. (b) The number of stars in our galaxy. (c) The number of O2 molecules in your lungs. (d) The number of hairs on your head.
Deuterium is an isotope of the element hydrogen that has a nucleus consisting of one proton and one neutron. In Chapter 30, we show how two deuterium nuclei can undergo a reaction called fusion in which 6.4 × 10–13 J is given off. Seawater contains about 154 ppm of deuterium (the ratio of
In our discussions of kinetic theory, we have focused on the motion of the molecules in a gas. The result for the typical speed in Equation 15.18, however, also applies to molecules in a liquid. Use this result to calculate the speed of the amino acid molecule glutamine (C5H10N2O3) in solution at
(a) Find the speed for typical Ne, Ar, and Kr atoms and for typical H2, LiF, and Cl2 molecules in the atmosphere at room temperature.(b) Compare these typical speeds to the escape speed for an object in the Earth’s atmosphere. (c) Explain why the typical speed can be less than the escape
Bug breath. Insects do not have lungs or a blood circulatory system. Instead, a system of openings in the exoskeleton (spiracles) lead to branching tubes of decreasing diameter called trachea, the smallest of which are about 1 mm in diameter and connect to every cell in the insect?s body (Fig.
The human nose is very sensitive to certain molecules. For example, it can sense the presence of the chemical CH3SH (methyl mercaptan) at levels as small as 2 parts per billion. Another especially smelly substance is ammonia, NH3. A student in a lab with very still air has two vials placed 20 cm
A steel cylinder is filled with an ideal gas at 20°C and pressure of 8.0 times atmospheric pressure. (a) The cylinder is submerged in a bath of boiling water and allowed to reach thermal equilibrium. Calculate the pressure inside the cylinder. (b) Some gas is then allowed to escape so
A diver uses an air cylinder with a volume of 11 L and filled to a pressure of 200 atm (Fig. P15.52). He dives at a leisurely pace, taking about 15 breaths per minute, and each breath is 1.2 L on average.(a) If he must leave 17% of the air for reserve, how long can he dive at 20 m deep? The
A scuba diver descends to 8.2 m below the surface of the ocean. (a) What pressure will her regulator need to supply so that her lungs can fill as normal? (b) When the diver is at 8.2 m, how many times more molecules of air are in her lungs than at the surface? Treat air as an ideal gas
An air bubble ascends from the bottom of a lake 15 m deep. The temperature at the bottom of the lake is 4°C, and near the surface it is 20°C. How many times larger in volume is the bubble at the top of the lake compared with its volume at the bottom?
The continent of North America has an area of approximately 2.4 × 107 km2. If the entire continent were evenly covered with Avogadro’s number of BBs (spherical projectiles 4.5 mm in diameter), how deep would the layer of BBs be?
Calculate the volume occupied by 1 mole of each of the following substances (in both cubic centimeters and liters): (a) Water at room temperature, (b) Ice at 0°C, (c) Air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, (d) The element aluminum at room temperature, and (e)
Caesar’s last breath. (a) How many molecules from Julius Caesar’s dying breath are currently in your lungs? The total mass of the Earth’s atmosphere is approximately 5 × 1018 kg, it is composed mainly of N2 (78%) and O2 (21%), and an average breath (called the tidal volume) is 1.5
You place 3.5 g of water at room temperature in a pressure cooker (a sealed pot) of volume 2.5 L and heat the water to 200°C. What is the pressure in the cooker?
Calculate the net distance a pollen grain of radius 5 × 10-7 m will diffuse in water in 1 minute.
A cell membrane is typically 10 nm (1 × 10-8 m) thick. How long does it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse this distance through the membrane?
In our discussion of diffusion, we mentioned that between collisions, a molecule in air travels in a straight line with a constant speed. For a hydrogen molecule in air, this speed is approximately 3000 m/s. If the hydrogen molecule in Problem 42 were moving with this speed and did not collide with
Approximately how long does it take a hydrogen molecule to diffuse across a small room?
Consider an oxygen molecule as it diffuses in your blood. How far will a typical molecule diffuse in 1 second? Assume the value of D for oxygen in blood is the same as for oxygen in water.
One way for a protein to move from one side of a cell to another is through diffusion. If the diameter of a cell is increased by a factor of four, by what factor does the time required to diffuse across the cell increase?
What is the approximate time required for a hemoglobin molecule to diffuse through a cell membrane? The diffusion constant D is approximately proportional to 1/r, where r is the diameter of the diffusing particle or atom. Estimate the diffusion constant of a hemoglobin molecule from the value of D
Approximately how long does it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse across the interior of a cell that is 100 mm in diameter?
About how far does a typical water molecule diffuse (in water) in 1 minute?
Approximately how long does it take a water molecule to diffuse a distance of 3 cm through a glass of water?
How long would it take a nitrogen molecule in the atmosphere to travel a distance of 1 cm if there were no collisions with other molecules?
Approximately how long does it take a molecule of nitrogen to diffuse a distance of 1 cm through the atmosphere?
Calculate the speed v of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere. Is v less than or greater than the escape speed? Experiments show that a hydrogen molecule released into the atmosphere escapes into outer space. If v is less than the escape speed, why is this so?
A balloon of volume 1.5 m3 contains argon gas at a pressure of 1.5 × 105 Pa and room temperature (20°C). What is the total internal energy of the gas?
What is the total internal energy of 15 moles of helium gas at room temperature? How does the answer change if the helium is replaced by argon?
What is the ratio of the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule at the Sun’s surface to the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere? The temperature at the surface of the Sun is approximately 6000 K.
The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 6000 K. What is the speed of a typical hydrogen molecule in the Sun’s atmosphere?
You have a container of an ideal gas at room temperature (20°C) and pressure, and you want to use it to store energy in the form of the kinetic energy of the gas. If you want to double the energy in the system, what must be the temperature’s new value?
For the balloon in Problem 26, what is the total kinetic energy of all the hydrogen molecules in the balloon?Data from Problem 27You place 80 moles of hydrogen gas in a balloon of volume 2.5 m3, and find the pressure to be 1.5 times atmospheric pressure. What is the typical speed of a hydrogen
You place 80 moles of hydrogen gas in a balloon of volume 2.5 m3, and find the pressure to be 1.5 times atmospheric pressure. What is the typical speed of a hydrogen molecule?
What is the average speed of a molecule of H2O in the atmosphere? Assume a nice spring day with T = 20°C (= 293 K).
Some endurance athletes (such as cyclists and long distance runners) use a hypobaric chamber to enhance their ability to use oxygen. A hypobaric chamber mimics the effect of being at a high altitude, where the amount of oxygen available to the lungs is less than at sea level. A typical hypobaric
The pressure in a gas thermometer is 5000 Pa at the freezing point of water. (a) What is the pressure in this thermometer at the boiling point of water? (b) If the pressure is 6000 Pa, what is the temperature?
Estimate the number of helium molecules in a blimp filled with helium gas.
An ultrahigh vacuum system can reach pressures in the laboratory that are less than 1.0 × 10-7 Pa. If that is the pressure in a system of volume 1000 cm3, how many molecules are in the system?
Approximately how many moles of gas molecules are in your classroom?
A tank of compressed oxygen gas at a doctor’s office has a pressure of 100 times atmospheric pressure. If the volume of the tank is 500 cm3, how many oxygen molecules does it contain?
A weather balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of 300 m3 and pressure 1.4 × 105 Pa at the Earth’s surface (where the temperature is 293 K). The balloon is then released and moves to a high altitude, where the pressure in the balloon is 25,000 Pa and the temperature is 250 K (-23°C). What
The lungs of a typical adult hold about 2 L of air (0.002 m3). How many moles of air molecules are in a typical adult’s lungs?
How many molecules are there in 1.0 cm3 of air?
A balloon contains 3.0 moles of helium gas at normal atmospheric pressure (Patm = 1.01 × 105 Pa) and room temperature (293 K). (a) What is the volume of the balloon? (b) The weather becomes very stormy (a hurricane is approaching), and the volume of the balloon increases by 15%. What is
The gas in a cylindrical container has a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and is at room temperature (293 K). A piston (a movable wall) at one end of the container is then adjusted so that the volume is reduced by a factor of three, ad it is found that the pressure increases by a factor of five. What is
For the gas thermometer in Problem 12, what is the pressure when T = 230 K?Data From Problem 12You are given the job of calibrating a gas thermometer. You do some experiments and find that the gas pressure in the thermometer is 40,000 Pa at T = 280 K. If the pressure later reads 60,000 Pa, what is
You are given the job of calibrating a gas thermometer. You do some experiments and find that the gas pressure in the thermometer is 40,000 Pa at T = 280 K. If the pressure later reads 60,000 Pa, what is the new temperature?
Imagine you are sitting in a room full of oxygen molecules at 300 K. If the room has a volume of 1.0 × 104 m3, what is the number of oxygen molecules in the room?
Estimate the number of air molecules in a bicycle tire.
Find the average spacing between molecules in the balloon in Problem 8. How does the answer change when the balloon is heated, assuming the pressure does not change?Data From Problem 8A spherical balloon containing nitrogen gas has a radius of 20 cm. If the balloon is at atmospheric pressure and
A spherical balloon containing nitrogen gas has a radius of 20 cm. If the balloon is at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, what is the mass of nitrogen in the balloon?
A balloon having an initial temperature of 20°C is heated so that the volume doubles while the pressure is kept fixed. What is the new value of the temperature?
Consider a balloon containing nitrogen molecules at room temperature (20°C) and atmospheric pressure. If the balloon has a spherical shape with radius of 20 cm, what is the number of molecules in the balloon?
You have 6.0 moles of particles of an unknown (pure) substance with a mass of 240 g. What might the substance be?
Estimate the number of atoms in your body.
Find the mass of a molecule of carbon dioxide.
How many oxygen atoms are in 1.0 g of water?
What is the mass of a single carbon atom?
Why does the pressure in a car tire increase when the car is driven?
The air in a room consists mainly of N2 and O2 molecules. Which has the greater average speed?
In Concept Check 15.6, we considered how to slow down the release of a drug in a transdermal patch by increasing the thickness of the membrane. Which of the following strategies will decrease the rate at which drug molecules enter the body?(a) Lower the concentration of molecules in the patch.(b)
The mass of 1 mole of carbon atoms of isotope number 12 (so-called carbon 12) is defined to be exactly 12 g. The atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth the mass of a single carbon-12 atom. Use this fact to calculate the conversion factor that relates atomic mass units to kilograms.
Consider an ideal gas composed of helium atoms. The collisions between atoms are similar to the collisions between billiard balls. That is, whenever the distance between two atoms is less than 2r (where r is the radius of a helium atom), the two atoms undergo a collision. Show that the mean free
Compare the act of making tea with a tea bag in cold water versus steeping it in hot water. Which method will make the tea stronger faster? Why?
In Example 15.8 we saw that diffusion is a very slow process. Calculate the total distance (not the net displacement Δr) traveled by a diffusing molecule in Example 15.8.
The diffusion constant D of a particle in a gas or liquid depends on temperature. If the temperature is increased, does D increase or decrease? Explain why.
A container of gas under pressure has a pinhole leak. If the content of the container is oxygen, the pressure decreases at a certain rate as the gas escapes. If the content is hydrogen gas, however, we find that the rate of pressure drop is greater under the same conditions. Why?
A family drives from a low valley to a high-altitude mountain meadow for a picnic. When they arrive at the meadow, they find that their bag of potato chips has burst open and their bag of pretzels looks like an inflated balloon. Explain the behavior of the packaging.
An automobile cooling system circulates a liquid called antifreeze (which is mostly water) and typically operates at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. Why is that desirable?
In Chapter 11, we learned about the bulk modulus B of a substance. The bulk modulus is related to changes in volume by Use the ideal gas law to calculate the bulk modulus for an ideal? gas. Assume the temperature is held constant. AV ΔΡ V Β
Consider two identical containers, one full of helium and the other full of oxygen. If the molecules of both gases have the same average speed, what is the ratio of their temperatures? (Approximate both as ideal gases.)
Is it possible to heat a can of soup by continuously lifting and dropping it on a hard surface? (Assume the can will take the abuse and not rupture.) Would it make a difference if the can were encased in an excellent thermal insulator?
If you were to hammer on a piece of metal, the temperature of the metal would rise. Why? Describe from a microscopic point of view.
In Example 15.6, we claimed that the total kinetic energy of the gas is greater than the kinetic energy of a baseball. Show that this claim is in fact true by working out the value of 12 mv2 with realistic values of m and v for a baseball.
Show that Avogadro’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law all follow from the ideal gas law (Eq. 15.6).
An angler observes a fish whose image is 10 m from the shore. Is this fish closer to or farther from the shore than its image? Explain. Draw a ray diagram.
How long does it take light to travel from(a) The Earth to the Moon?(b) The Sun to the Earth?(c) Jupiter to the Earth, assuming Jupiter is at its closest distance to the Earth?(d) Jupiter to the Earth, assuming Jupiter is at its farthest distance to the Earth? The difference between the times in
One way astronomers detect planets orbiting around a distant star is by using the Doppler shift of light from the star. When a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in a circular orbit centered on a point that lies between the star and the planet. (See Chapter 5.) Light from the distant planet
The electromagnetic waves used in a microwave oven have a wavelength of 12.24 cm.(a) What is the frequency of this radiation?(b) Electromagnetic waves in a microwave can exhibit standing waves. If there is a standing wave in your microwave oven, what is the distance between nodes? (Assume these are
Consider a cell phone that emits electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 1.0 GHz (1.0x109 Hz) with a power of 1.0 W.(a) What is the approximate electric field amplitude at a distance of 1000 m from the phone? Assume it radiates with spherical wavefronts.(b) What is the approximate electric
The Apollo astronauts placed special reflector arrays on the Moon (Fig. P23.61A). The array was comprised of “corner reflector” prisms that have the property of reflecting a beam of light exactly back along its incoming path. Using the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-Ranging Operation
The radiation pressure from the Sun has a negligible effect on the orbit of a satellite, but it does pose a problem in terms of keeping a spacecraft pointing in the appropriate orientation. Consider the GOES-N geosynchronous weather satellite shown in Figure P23.60. The satellite body is roughly a
How fast would a car need to travel to make a yellow light appear to be green as the car approached an intersection? Would a judge accept the excuse of such a Doppler shift for running a yellow light?
The use of Doppler radar in the enforcement of traffic law has become common in the United States and many parts of the world. A typical “radar gun” (Fig. P23.58) emits a 24-GHz beam. A highway patrol officer aims the beam at a bus on the highway.(a) If the reflected wave is 4.5 kHz higher in
Consider three polarizing filters oriented as shown in Figure P23.57. A beam of unpolarized light is directed through the three filters. The first filter has a polarization axis along the vertical, the second has its polarization axis rotated at an angle of 45° from the vertical, and the third has
Lightning is a rapid transfer of charge from a cloud to the ground (or other parts of the cloud) and constitutes a very large, varying current. When a lightning strike occurs, a large pulse of electromagnetic radiation propagates outward in a wide range of frequencies from light waves to radio
A college football stadium happens to be in your neighborhood, and you are watching the game at home on your TV. The team makes a touchdown and the capacity crowd in the stadium cheers. Like an echo, 3.5 s after you see the touchdown and hear the cheering on your home TV, you then hear the cheer of
Consider the force of an electromagnetic wave on the electrons in an antenna. Assume the amplitude of the electric field associated with the wave is E0 = 200 V/m.(a) What is the magnitude of the electric force on an electron? Express your answer in terms of e and E0, and in newtons using the given
Lasers are used extensively in eye surgery to remove unwanted “material” from the eye or reshape the eye’s lens. These lasers use pulses of very intense radiation to literally “blast” away material. These pulses are typically 10 ns long (108 s) and carry an energy of 2.0 mJ each.(a) What

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