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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

The momentum carried by sunlight can be used by a solar sail to propel a spacecraft (Example 23.3).(a) Is the force on a sail directed toward or away from the Sun?(b) Suppose a solar sail is used for a spacecraft traveling from the Earth to Pluto. What is the ratio of the force on the sail when it
The intensity of sunlight near the Earth is approximately 1000 W/m2.(a) If a spacecraft near the Earth uses a square solar sail 200 m on a side and absorbs all light that strikes it, what is the force on the spacecraft?(b) This spacecraft eventually reaches Jupiter, where its distance from the Sun
(a) Estimate the radiation pressure exerted by sunlight on the Earth.(b) What is the total force on the Earth due to this radiation pressure?(c) How does this force compare with the force of gravity exerted by the Sun on the Earth?
A powerful AM radio station has a radiated power of 100,000 W. Suppose this energy is emitted into a region shaped like a half-sphere (Fig. P23.49). If you are a distance of 100 km from the station, what is the electric field amplitude there? Wave fronts Antenna Figure P23.49
Consider a Doppler radar system that monitors the wind speed of a tornado by measuring the shift in frequency of radio waves reflected from water droplets or other particles in the air. If this wind speed is 45 m/s (about 100 mi/h) and the transmitted radio wave has a frequency of 1.0 MHz (106 Hz),
How fast would a star have to travel to make violet light (λ = 400 nm) appear to be red (λ = 600 nm)? Assume the star is moving along the line that connects the star to the Earth. Is this star moving toward you or away from you?
Estimate the Doppler shift for a radio wave reflected from an airplane moving directly toward you at a speed of 250 m/s. Assume the radio wave has a frequency of 1.0x107 Hz.
A galactic accident causes a red giant star to be moving on a collision course with our solar system. This star is moving very fast, and its light is Doppler shifted. Which of the following statements might be true? Assume light from the star would fall in the red part of the visible spectrum if
We know from experience that the Doppler shift of sound from a moving car is easily detectable. Assuming light with a frequency of 6.0 x 1014 Hz, estimate the Doppler shift for light from a car moving toward you at a speed of 50 m/s (about 100 mi/h). Will this light be shifted to the blue (a higher
When viewed by an observer on the Earth, light from a distant galaxy is Doppler shifted to the red such that the ratio of the unshifted frequency to the observed frequency is 2.5. What is the galaxy’s speed relative to the Earth?
For the polarizers in Figure P23.41, suppose the incident light is linearly polarized, the transmitted intensity (through both polarizers) is 0.15 x I0, and the axis of the second polarizer makes an angle θ = 60° with the axis of the first polarizer. What is the angle the initial direction of
Unpolarized light with intensity I0 is an incident on two polarizers as sketched in Figure P23.41. Suppose the angle between the axes of the two polarizers is θ = 60°. What is the intensity of the transmitted light? Express your answer as a fraction of I0. Polarizer axis Unpolarized light
Linearly polarized light propagating along the y-direction is incident on a polarizer whose axis is parallel to the z-direction. If the intensity of the transmitted light is equal to 35% of the incident intensity, what is the angle of polarization of the incident light?
Unpolarized light with an electric field amplitude of 0.25 V/m is incident on a polarizer. What is the electric field amplitude of the transmitted light?
Light from the star Vega has an intensity of about 2 x 108 W/m2. If Vega emits radiation with the same power as our Sun, how far is Vega from the Earth?
The distance from the Sun to Jupiter is 5.2 times longer than the Earth–Sun distance. If the intensity of sunlight at the Earth is 1000 W/m2, find(a) The intensity of sunlight at Jupiter(b) The amplitude of the associated electric field at Jupiter.
The intensity of light from a lightbulb is 10 W/m2 at a distance of 0.50 m from the bulb. What is the intensity across the room at a distance of 3.5 m?
A dipole antenna is oriented vertically as shown in Figure P23.35 and is used to generate an electromagnetic wave. A second dipole antenna is used to receive this radiation. How should the second antenna be oriented?(a) Vertically along z,(b) Horizontally along x,(c) Horizontally along y, (d)
The “wireless” connection used by your laptop computer employs electromagnetic waves with a frequency near 2.4 GHz.(a) What is the wavelength of this radiation?(b) What is the approximate size of a dipole antenna for this frequency?(c) Will such an antenna fit easily into the case of your
(a) What is the approximate size of the antenna in your cell phone? It probably lies along one of the longest straight edges of the case of the phone.(b) Based on the length of this antenna, estimate the wavelength and frequency of the radiation used by the cell phone.
Consider an antenna used to transmit your favorite FM radio station (f = 103 MHz).(a) How long would a dipole antenna be for this frequency?(b) Compare your result in part (a) to the height of a typical radio station tower. Does your answer to part (a) make sense?
The U.S. Navy uses extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves to communicate with submarines. Suppose the frequency of these waves is 50 Hz. What is the wavelength? Typically, the size of an antenna is equal to about half of the wavelength. Would this antenna fi t in your backyard?
AM radio stations use frequencies near 1 MHz. What is the corresponding wavelength?
Some cordless telephones use radio waves with a frequency near 2.4 GHz to transmit to their “base station.” What is the wavelength of these waves?
The dial on an FM radio contains numbers ranging from about 88 to about 108. These numbers correspond to the frequency of the radio station as measured in megahertz. What is the corresponding range of wavelengths?
X-rays are electromagnetic waves with very short wavelengths. Suppose an X-ray has a wavelength of 0.10 nm. What is its frequency?
The human body emits blackbody radiation (Chapter 14 and Eq. 14.14). What is the approximate wavelength at which this radiation has its greatest intensity?
The human eye is most sensitive to light with a wavelength of about 550 nm. What is this light’s frequency?
What is the approximate frequency at which the Sun’s radiation has the highest intensity? Consider Wien’s law, discussed in Chapter 14.
The light used in a CD player has a frequency of about 5.0x1014 Hz. What is its wavelength?
The GPS satellites described in Problem 21 are placed in orbits for which the period is approximately 12 h. (They are thus not in geosynchronous orbits.) Estimate the time it takes a GPS signal to travel to the Earth’s surface from(a) A GPS satellite that is directly overhead(b) A GPS satellite
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites transmit radio signals used by receivers on the Earth to determine position with very high precision. The operating principle is that a receiver gets signals simultaneously from several different satellites (typically at least four) and uses them to
Tromagnetic wave used by the radar system? 20. The satellite TV system used by the author employs a satellite in geosynchronous orbit about the Earth. This satellite transmits an electromagnetic wave with a total power of approximately 40 W. Assume all this power is at a single frequency and is
Radar is used to scan for airplanes near an airport. If an airplane is 30 km from the airport, what is the round-trip travel time for the electromagnetic wave used by the radar system?
Compare the electric field amplitude for the laser pointer in Problem 15 with the electric field from a point charge. Consider a point charge Q and suppose the magnitude of the electric field at a distance of 1.0 cm from Q is equal to the electric field from the laser pointer. Find Q. Express your
You are initially standing at rest on the surface of a frozen lake where the ice is perfectly frictionless. At t = 0, you turn on a laser pointer (P = 1.0 mW) and shine it in a horizontal direction. After a period of time, you notice that you are moving in a direction opposite to the light from the
What is the electric field amplitude at a distance of 0.75 m from a 100-W lightbulb? Assume all the power of the bulb goes into the light of a single color with A = 500 nm and assume the bulb produces a spherical wave.
What is the electric field amplitude associated with the light from a red laser pointer? Assume a power of 0.10 mW with a wavelength of 600 nm.
The magnetic field associated with an electromagnetic wave has an amplitude of 1.5 μT.(a) What is the amplitude of the electric field associated with this wave?(b) What is the intensity of this wave?(c) What is the radiation pressure associated with this wave?(d) How much momentum is carried by a
An electromagnetic wave has an electric field amplitude of 20 V/m. What is the magnetic field amplitude associated with this wave?
The intensity of moonlight when it reaches the Earth’s surface is approximately 0.02 W/m2 (for a full moon). What are the amplitudes of the associated electric and magnetic fields?
The intensity of the electromagnetic radiation from the Sun when it reaches the Earth’s surface is approximately 1000 W/m2. What is the amplitude of the associated magnetic field?
A radio station called WWV broadcasts from Fort Collins, Colorado. This station broadcasts the time and has served as a “standard clock” for many years. The radio waves transmitted by this station travel through the atmosphere at approximately the speed of light, so they reach different
Galileo devised an experiment to measure the speed of light. He and an assistant went to the top of nearby mountains and did the following.(1) Galileo switched on a lantern that was visible to his assistant.(2) Immediately after seeing the light from Galileo’s lantern, the assistant switched on
In 2005, the spacecraft Huygens landed on one of the moons of Saturn. The data gathered by Huygens were relayed by radio to the Earth by a second satellite in orbit about the moon. Estimate the time required for this radio signal to reach the Earth.
The spacecraft that have landed on Mars send their information to the Earth via radio waves. How long do these waves take to reach the Earth when(a) Mars is at its closest to the Earth?(b) Mars is farthest from the Earth? This time delay is important for NASA when it sends a spacecraft to Mars.
There are different types of laser pointers; one type produces red light, and another produces green light. If radiation from a red laser pointer and a green laser pointer has the same power and both laser pointers are turned on for 1.0 s, which pulse of radiation has the greater momentum?
The light from a red laser pointer has a wavelength of about 600 nm. If this laser has a power of 0.10 mW, what is the momentum carried by a 3.0-s pulse of this radiation?
The electric field of an electromagnetic wave lies along the x axis, whereas the magnetic field is parallel to the z axis. What is the direction of the wave? There are two correct answers.
The human eye can detect light intensities as small as about 1 x 10-23 W/m2.(a) What is the corresponding electric field amplitude?(b) Suppose the eye senses this light by detecting the force on electrons inside a photoreceptor cell within the eye. What is the electric force exerted on an electron
Figure P23.2 shows the directions of the electric and magnetic fi elds associated with several different electromagnetic waves. What are the directions of propagation of these waves? Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 K. Figure P23.2
Approximately how long does it take a light wave to travel from your head to your toes? Assume you are standing straight up.
Air traffic controllers at an airport use radar to monitor the location of nearby planes. Their radar units deduce this distance from the time it takes a radio wave to travel from their radar antenna to the airplane and back. The radar signal also gives information about the size and type of the
Figure Q23.20 shows linearly polarized light striking a polarizer, with different angles between the incoming electric field Ein(vector) and the polarizer axis. Is there a force on the polarizer due to the incoming light? If so, what is the direction of the force and in which case is the magnitude
Fluorescent lights will glow faintly if brought under a high tension power line as shown in Figure Q23.19. The lights glow even though they are not plugged into any fixture. Explain why they glow under the power lines. Figure Q23.19
Figure 23.18 shows the direction of the electric field produced by an antenna. Sketch the direction of the corresponding magnetic field near the antenna for parts B through H of the figure.
In Figure 23.5, we analyzed the force exerted by the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave on an electric charge at the surface of a material when the electric field has the direction shown in Figure Q23.17A. That analysis considered the force on a positive charge at a particular
Consider a bright, sunny day at the beach. Why is it that polarizing sunglasses work well at reducing the glare off the sand and water except when you lie on your side (or tilt your head toward a shoulder)?
Can sound waves be polarized? What about ocean waves or waves propagating on a string? What fundamental characteristic allows waves to have a polarization?
Light from bulbs and other forms of indoor lighting is typically unpolarized, whereas radio waves picked up by radios or cell phones are mostly polarized. Explain why these two types of electromagnetic radiation are different in this way.
It is a very dusty day, and you are standing by the side of the road looking directly across the road as a car is approaching (Fig. Q23.13). Due to the dust particles in the air, you can see light from the car’s headlights as it scatters from the particles. Will this scattered light be
Photographers often use a “haze filter” to remove (or at least minimize) the effects of haze on their photographs. Explain how these filters work.
The glare off horizontal surfaces that you see while driving a car on a sunny day can be minimized if you wear sunglasses with polarizer films built into the lenses so that light polarized in a certain direction is not allowed to reach your eyes. Discuss how such sunglasses can reduce glare. Is the
Suppose you are given a polarizer, but the axis of polarization is not marked. Devise an experiment you could do to determine the polarization axis.
In the United Kingdom (and many other European countries), residents are not allowed to use a TV without purchasing a yearly license. Fines of 1000 British pounds are levied against those who are caught using a TV without a license. The law is enforced through devices that can detect a TV in use
Consider the RC circuit in Figure Q23.8. The switch is closed at t = 0 and then kept closed for a very long time. Will this circuit emit electromagnetic radiation(a) Just after the switch is closed?(b) After a very long time? Explain your answers. Can you think of ways you might have observed
Explain how an AC circuit can generate electromagnetic radiation.
Consider the radiation pressure on an object in outer space. Explain why, all else being similar, this pressure has a larger effect on the motion of a small particle than on a large particle. Hint: Consider and compare the mass and the force of radiation pressure on two spherical objects composed
A method for spacecraft propulsion called a “solar sail” has been proposed. (See Example 23.3 and Fig. 23.6.) It would use a sail exposed to the Sun in much the same way a sailboat’s sail uses wind. The sail on such a spacecraft might reflect light, or it might absorb light. Which type of
Microwave ovens heat food items by bathing them in electromagnetic waves, yet you can watch your food cook through a window in the door (Fig. Q23.4). How is it possible for the door, with only a thin layer of metal with a grid of holes, to contain the powerful electromagnetic radiation? 330
Electromagnetic waves do not easily penetrate far into metal surfaces. Discuss why that is the case in terms of the known properties of metals, atoms, and electrons. This is one reason it is sometimes difficult to get radio or cell phone signals when you are inside a closed elevator or in a
Most vehicles have a radio antenna that is oriented along the vertical direction. Why? Is having an antenna mounted at a slanting angle an advantage or disadvantage? Explain.
A general rule of thumb when listening to and watching a thunderstorm is that the distance from a listener to the lightning strike can be estimated in the following way: First, count the number of seconds between the time you first see the lightning and the time you first hear the thunder. Then
An indispensable device for any electronic workbench is a variable transformer or variac. Most variacs use a rotating contact to select a certain number of windings on the secondary coil, usually a solenoid in the shape of a toroid like that in Figure P22.88. Both the primary and secondary coils
An iron nut of mass 50 g is heated from room temperature to its melting point in 52 s through magnetic induction as shown in Figure P22.85. The circuit has a capacitance of 560 nF so that it will operate at its resonant frequency of 173 kHz with an input rms voltage of 1000 V.(a) If this inductive
A series LCR circuit is comprised of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor of values 50Ω, 87 mH, and 44 μF, respectively.(a) What is the generator frequency if the total impedance of the circuit measures 57 Ω?(b) What is the impedance of the circuit if it is plugged into a European outlet
Transformers are not limited to two sets of windings. The relationship for winding ratios holds true for multiple sets of coils as well. The AC voltage on the primary coil in Figure P22.81 is VP = 120 V, and the two outputs supply VS1 = 220 V and VS2 = 12 V, respectively. If the 220-V secondary
The LC circuit in Figure P22.80 has a certain resonant frequency fres. Match the following changes to this circuit with the effect they would have on fres.(a) Connect a second capacitor in parallel with C.(b) Connect a second inductor in parallel with L.(c) Connect a second capacitor in series with
(a) A generator supplies a current to a circuit containing an inductor. It is found that the current through the inductor reaches its maximum value 22 ms after the voltage across the inductor reaches its maximum value. What is the minimum possible operating frequency of the generator?(b) The
(a) At what frequency will a 10-μF capacitor have the same reactance as a 10-mH inductor?(b) What is the reactance at this frequency?(c) If these components were assembled into a series LC circuit, what would the resonant frequency be?
Figure P22.75 shows a model for a leaky capacitor, with a resistor in parallel with an ideal capacitor. Find the phase angle between the current through and voltage across the leaky capacitor in Figure P22.75. Express your answer in terms of R, C, and the frequency f. Leaky capacitor Ideal
When an inductor with L = 50 mH is attached to an AC voltage source, the inductive reactance is 8000Ω. What is the capacitive reactance of a capacitor with C = 450 pF when attached to the same voltage source?
Consider the power line system in Example 22.10. Suppose the operating voltage is increased to 750,000 V rms and the same power of 500 MW is transmitted by the power line. What percentage of the power would now be dissipated in the power line?
Figure P22.71 shows a power station (represented by the AC source) connected to a power line Rline and a city represented by Rcity. Suppose the power line has a resistance of 0.30 V/km and is 500 km long, and the current in the line is 1000 A.(a) If the voltage at the power station is 800 kV (rms),
You are given the job of evaluating potential power line systems. One system is designed to operate at V = 3000 V, and another would operate at V = 12,000 V. The equivalent circuits are shown in Figure P22.71, with an AC source (the power station) connected in series with the power line Rline and a
A 1/4-hp electric motor (see Problem 69) is listed with specifications that it requires a current of 3.2 A at 120 V (the rms AC current and voltage, respectively). What fraction of the electrical energy that is delivered to the motor is available as mechanical energy?
A small electric motor such as the one in a home furnace is rated at “1/4 horsepower.” Recall that “horsepower” (abbreviated hp) is a unit of power, with 1 hp ≈ 750 W.(a) How much work does this motor do in 1 s? In 1 h?(b) Assume it is an ideal motor and all the input electrical energy is
Consider the AC motor described in Example 22.9. You want to make this motor more powerful; that is, you want it to produce a larger torque. Evaluate the following proposed design changes.(a) If the number of turns in the coil were increased from one to five, how would the torque change?(b) If the
The power brick for the author’s laptop computer has a power rating of 45 W. It uses a step-down transformer to convert the AC voltage from a wall socket (Vrms = 120 V) to a value near 12 V.(a) What is the rms current in the input coil of the transformer?(b) What is the rms current in the output
The transformer in a power brick (as used in a laptop computer) converts the AC voltage from a wall socket (Vrms = 120 V) to a value near 12 V.(a) If the output coil of the transformer has 4000 turns, how many turns does the input coil have? (b) If this transformer were accidentally connected
European trip. In France, the wall sockets provide an AC voltage with Vrms = 230 V. You want to use an appliance designed to operate in the United States (Vrms = 120 V) and decide to build a transformer to convert the power line voltage in France to the value required by your appliance.(a) Should
Consider again the transformer in Problem 63. Suppose the two coils are reversed so that 2.0 V is put across the secondary coil. What is the voltage across the primary coil? Nerve fiber ) ; 0.5 mm Vin Vout 2 cm Figure P22.62
A transformer has an input coil with Nin = 300 turns and Nout = 1000 turns. If the voltage across the input coil has an amplitude of 2.0 V, what is the voltage across the output circuit? Nerve fiber ) ; 0.5 mm Vin Vout 2 cm Figure P22.62
A nerve fiber can be modeled electrically as an RC circuit as illustrated in Figure P22.62. The interior of the fiber acts as a resistor, and the resistance is determined by the solution inside the fiber, which has a resistivity of about ρ = 0.1Ω m. The fiber’s membrane acts as a capacitor;
The circuit in Figure P22.61 acts as a filter.(a) What is the ratio of the output voltage (amplitude) to the input voltage at very high frequencies?(b) What is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage at very low frequencies?(c) Is it a low-pass filter or a high-pass filter? 2.5
The circuit in Figure P22.60 acts as a filter.(a) What is the ratio of the output voltage (amplitude) to the input voltage at very high frequencies?(b) What is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage at very low frequencies?(c) Is it a low-pass filter or a high-pass filter? 2000
An RL circuit contains a resistor with R = 6500Ω and an inductor with L = 1500 μH. If the impedance of this circuit is 150,000Ω, what is the frequency?
An RC circuit containing a resistor with R = 2500Ω and a capacitor with C = 1500 μF is attached to an AC generator with Vmax = 3.5 V and f 25 = kHz.(a) What is the impedance of this circuit?(b) What is the amplitude of the current?
An LCR circuit contains a resistor with R = 450Ω and a capacitor with C = 5500 mF. If the resonant frequency is 33 kHz, what is the value of the inductance?
Estimate the impedance of the LC circuit in Figure P22.55 at the very low frequency of 30 Hz. Will this impedance be dominated by the capacitor or by the inductor? Will this impedance increase or decrease if the frequency is increased? :250 pF 25 mH Figure P22.55

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