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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

An owl is chasing a squirrel and is using echolocation (the reflection of sound) to aid in the hunt. If the squirrel is 25 m from the owl, how long does it take sound to travel from the owl to the
The sound from a church organ “reverberates” for many seconds after the organ stops producing sound due to reflections inside the church. That is, the sound from the organ bounces back and forth
One tuning fork vibrates at 440 Hz, and a second tuning fork vibrates at an unknown frequency. When the two forks are struck at the same time, beats with a frequency of 3 Hz are heard. (a) What
A person can detect a beat rate as slow as 0.3 beat per second at a frequency of 1500 Hz. What is the percentage difference in frequency of the two notes?
A violin string tuned to 485.0 Hz is found to exhibit 2.0 beats per second with a guitar string. The guitar string is then tightened, and the beat frequency is found to increase. What was the
Two similar guitar strings have the same length and mass, but slightly different tensions. If the beat frequency is 1.5 Hz, what is the ratio of the tensions of the two strings? Assume they are both
A guitarist plucks two strings simultaneously. One string is tuned to a (fundamental) frequency of 340.0 Hz. It is found that beats are audible, with a beat frequency of 0.5 Hz. What are possible
Two sound waves of frequency 80 Hz and 83 Hz are played. How many beats per second are heard?
A trombone (Fig. P13.44) acts as a pipe that is closed at one end (the mouthpiece, where the player blows) and open at the other end (the bell of the instrument). (a) Is the lowest note played
Consider the soft-drink bottle on the far right in Figure Q13.17. What is the approximate value of the fundamental frequency produced when a person blows across the top of the bottle?Figure
A pipe has a pattern of standing wave frequencies given in Figure P13.42. Is this pipe (a) Open at both ends, (b) Closed at both ends, or (c) Open at one end and closed at the other? What is the
Consider a steel rod that vibrates longitudinally. If the rod is 1.5 m long, what is the fundamental frequency? Assume the ends of the rod are displacement anti nodes (i.e., it behaves as an organ
An organ pipe that is closed at one end has a fundamental frequency of 175 Hz. There is a leak in the church roof, and some water gets into the bottom of the pipe as shown in Figure P13.40. The
A pipe is open at both ends. The pipe has resonant frequencies of 528 Hz and 660 Hz (among others). Find two possible values for the length of the pipe.
Consider an organ pipe that is closed at one end and open at the other. This pipe has resonant frequencies of 1200 Hz and 1500 Hz (among others). Find two possible values for the length of the pipe.
A piccolo can be approximated as a tube that is open at both ends. If a piccolo is 20 cm long, what is the frequency of the lowest note it can play?
An organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. The pipe is designed to produce the note middle C (262 Hz). (a) How long is the pipe? (b) What is the frequency of the second
If an organ pipe is filled with oxygen gas instead of air, will the frequency of the note go up or go down, and by what factor?
The distance between a node and the nearest anti node of a standing sound wave in air is 0.24 m. What is the frequency of this wave?
Consider an organ pipe 1.2 m long that is closed at one end and open at the other. What is the fundamental frequency of the pipe?
For a standing sound wave, the open end of a flute forms which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)(a) A displacement node (b) A displacement anti node (c) A pressure
For a standing sound wave, the closed end of an organ pipe forms which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)(a) A displacement node (b) A displacement anti node (c) A
A person has severe hearing loss that reduces the intensity in his inner ear by 40 dB. To compensate, a hearing aid can amplify the sound pressure amplitude by a certain factor to bring the intensity
Rank each substance according to how fast sound travels in that medium, from that with the largest velocity to that with the slowest. (a) Air (b) Water (c) Steel (d) Aluminum
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 220 Hz. What is its wavelength?
A typical dog can hear sounds with frequencies as high as 45 kHz. Assuming they can hear sounds as low as 40 Hz, make a qualitative sketch of the sensitivity curve for a dog (i.e., the canine version
The distance along a sound wave between a point of condensation and the nearest rarefaction is 0.45 m. What is the wavelength of this sound wave?
Musicians who play the guitar and other stringed instruments use beats to tune their instruments. The value of the beat frequency tells them the difference in the frequencies of two strings, but it
Consider a sound wave in air with a frequency of 440 Hz. What is the distance between a region of condensation and an adjacent region of rarefaction?
Two sound waves of equal frequency interfere constructively at a listener. Which of the following statements is true?(a) The frequency is increased by the interference. (b) The sound amplitude
Suppose a sound wave in air at room temperature has a wavelength of 400 m. What is its frequency?
How is it possible for a singer to shatter a wine glass by singing a note? Which is more important in this process, the frequency or intensity of the singing, or are they both important?
Two ships are traveling on a very dark and foggy night and cannot see each other, even though they have their lights on. They therefore use their foghorns to broadcast their presence. If the ships
In this chapter, we discussed the Doppler effect that occurs when a source of sound moves directly toward or away from a listener. Do you think there will be a Doppler shift if the velocity of the
A battleship is using sonar (reflected underwater sound signals) to detect the presence of nearby submarines. It is found that a sonar reflection has a round-trip travel time (from the battleship to
A sound wave in an unknown gas has a frequency of 440 Hz and a wavelength of 2.2 m. What type of gas might it be? Use Table 13.1. TABLE 13.1 Speed of Sound in Some Common Materials Speed of
Explain why the sounds emitted by large animals usually have a lower frequency than those from small animals. Consider the standing waves in the vocal tract.
Consider two sounds of frequency 300 Hz, one traveling in carbon dioxide gas and the other in hydrogen gas. What is the ratio of the wavelengths in the two cases?
Ocean in a shell. What is it that you hear when you hold a seashell (or any closed chamber like a cup or jar) to your ear? We are almost always surrounded by sound that spans every frequency (white
The lowest note on a piano has a fundamental frequency of about 27 Hz. What is the wavelength of this sound in air?
Consider the method of acoustic thermometry using the ocean. In Example 13.8, we saw that very small changes in the travel time of sound can be detected and can be used to observe very small changes
The ultrasonic sound waves used by owls for echolocation typically have a frequency of approximately 100 kHz. What is the wavelength of a sound with this frequency?
Use the general relation for the speed of sound in Equation 13.3 together with the ideal gas law (see Chapter 15 if you need a refresher on the ideal gas law) to show that the speed of sound in a gas
Consider a sound wave of frequency f generated in air by a loudspeaker. When this sound wave reaches a nearby lake, the sound wave propagates into the water, where it has the same frequency f. What
The first television remote controllers (invented in the 1950s) used ultrasonic waves. Some people claimed they could change channels by simply jiggling their keys. Is that possible? Explain why or
An automobile wheel of diameter 0.50 m is found to emit sound with a frequency of 10 Hz. What is the automobile’s speed? Assume the frequency of the emitted sound is equal to the rotation frequency
A buzzer generates sound by vibrating with a frequency of 440 Hz in air. If this buzzer is placed underwater, what frequency would a fish hear? How does placing the buzzer underwater affect the
In western movies, the hero sometimes detects an approaching train by “listening” to the railroad tracks. If the tracks are made of steel, how many times faster does sound travel in the tracks
One day, while hiking in a particular spot in your favorite cave, you notice that it takes a certain time t for an echo to return to you. The next day, you find that the echo time at the same spot is
Use the data in Figure 13.4 to determine the approximate frequency at which the human ear is most sensitive to sound.Figure 13.4 Onset of damage to ear 140 102 120 100 100 10-2 80 10-4 60 10-6
When a police car is at rest, its siren has a frequency of 750 Hz. You are a thief, and just after finishing a night’s work, you hear a siren with a frequency of 700 Hz. Your fellow thief tells you
Use Figure 13.4 to find the sensitivity of the human ear at 50 Hz. That is, what is the lowest sound intensity the ear can detect at this frequency?Figure 13.4 Onset of damage to ear 140 102
A radio produces sound waves in air, but they can also travel from air into water so that they can be heard by a swimmer. Is the frequency of the sound in air the same or different from the frequency
A sound wave has an intensity level of 80 dB. What is the pressure amplitude of this wave?
The manufacturer of a set of earplugs advertises that they will reduce the sound intensity level by 40 dB. By what factor do they reduce the intensity?
You are at a rock concert, and the sound intensity reaches levels as high as 130 dB. The sound pressure produces an oscillating force on your eardrum. Estimate the amplitude of this oscillating force.
When you blow across the top of a cola bottle, you can generate sound (Figure Q13.17). As you drink more and more of the cola and lower the liquid level, how does the frequency of the Figure Q13.6
The human auditory system is able to detect changes in the sound intensity level as small as 1 dB. (a) What is the corresponding percentage change in the intensity I when the sound intensity
When you tune a flute or trombone, what causes the frequency to change?
To decrease the intensity of a wave by a factor of four, what must you do?(a) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of two.(b) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of four.(c) Decrease
Noise-canceling headphones make use of destructive interference of sound waves to eliminate “noise,” while still playing music. Explain how they work.
Two sounds differ in intensity level by 6.0 dB. What is the ratio of the intensities of these two sounds?
If the note middle C is played on trumpet and on a piano, you can identify them as the same note but can certainly tell the difference. What feature of these sounds tells you that they are the same
If a sound intensity level increases by 16 dB, by what factor does the intensity change?
Estimate the amplitude of the force on your eardrum from a sound that has an intensity level of 90 dB.
A sound wave has an intensity of 2.5 × 10-3 W/m2. What is the intensity level in decibels?
A source of sound has a total emitted power of 300 W. What is the intensity a distance of 10 m from the source? Assume the source emits spherical waves.
Suppose the sound intensity level 0.10 m from a loudspeaker is 110 dB. Assuming the speaker generates wave fronts that have a hemispherical shape (Fig. P13.25), what is the intensity 5.5 m from the
The sound intensity level 20 m from a particular loudspeaker is 70 dB. Estimate the total power emitted by the speaker. Assume it emits spherical waves.
What is the pressure amplitude of a sound wave if the intensity level is 40 dB?
What is the intensity level of a sound wave if the pressure amplitude is 7.9 Pa?
A point source emits sound with a power of 250 W. What is the intensity level in decibels at a distance of 35 m?
A student sends a transverse wave pulse down a stretched piece of string attached to a wall. A moment later, she sends a second wave pulse. Is there any way she could alter the conditions to make the
Consider a wave that has a frequency of 3.0 kHz and a wavelength of 0.10 m. Write an equation that might describe this wave.
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves and travel at c = 3.00 × 108 m/s in a vacuum. How long does it take a radio signal to travel from Mars to the Earth when the two planets are nearest each other?
Suppose your favorite FM radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 101 MHz. What is the wavelength of this signal?
Your favorite television station transmits using an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of approximately 1.5 m. What is the frequency?
Electromagnetic waves are used to transmit television signals from a satellite that is in orbit around the Earth to the author’s home. Estimate how long such a signal takes to travel from the
A light bulb emits a spherical wave. If the intensity of the emitted light is 1.0 W/m2 at a distance of 2.5 m from the bulb, what is the intensity at a distance of 4.0 m?
For the spherical wave emitted by a small light bulb, what is the ratio of the amplitudes of the wave at r = 4.0 m and r = 2.5 m from the light bulb?
You are at a rock concert and find that when you stand 10 m from a speaker, the intensity is so high that it hurts your ears. You decide to move away from the stage so that your ears are more
The intensity of sunlight at the Earth?s surface is about 1000 W/m2. What is the intensity of sunlight at the surface of Saturn? From Table 5.1, the distance from the Sun to the Earth is 1.50 ? 1011
Two waves of equal frequency are traveling in opposite directions on a string. Constructive interference is found at two spots on the string that are separated by a distance of 1.5 m.(a) What is the
Figure P12.40 shows an experiment in which sound waves generated by a singer and having a single frequency are emitted by two speakers. These sound waves interfere at a listener located at point P.
Identical sound waves of frequency f are emitted from speakers at points A and B (Fig. P12.41), which are a distance 8.5 m apart. Listeners are located at points X, Y, and Z, which are equally spaced
Consider a radar system in an air traffic control center that is monitoring the distance to an approaching airplane. If the airplane is 4.0 km from the control center, what is the time delay between
Sonar is a system similar to radar except that sound is used in place of radio waves. Sonar systems are generally operated under water, where the speed of sound is approximately 1500 m/s. Suppose you
A radar system can measure the time delay between the transmitted and reflected wave pulses from a distant airplane with an accuracy of 1.0 picosecond. What is the accuracy in the calculated distance
When sound waves are studied deep within the ocean, it is found that a plane wave that is initially parallel to the ocean floor will gradually bend upward and have a propagation direction that is
What is the distance between two nodes of a standing wave?(a) λ/4 (b) λ/2 (c) λ (d) 2λ (e) 3λ/2 (f) 3λ (g) Choices (c), (d), and (f) (h) Choices (b) and (e)
What is the distance between a node and an antinode of a standing wave?(a) λ/4 (b) λ/2 (c) λ (d) 2λ (e) 3λ/2 (f) 3λ (g) Choices (c), (d), and (f) (h) Choices (b) and (e)
The anti node of a standing wave is 0.057 m away from the nearest node. What is the wavelength of the waves that combine to make the standing wave?
Consider a guitar string that has a tension of 90 N, a length of 65 cm, and a mass per unit length of 7.9 × 10–4 kg/m. What is the fundamental frequency of the string? That is, what is the
You are studying guitar strings and are able to measure a few (but not all) of the standing wave frequencies for a particular string. If you measure frequencies of 450 Hz, 750 Hz, 900 Hz, and 1200
A violin string is 35 cm long and has a fundamental standing wave frequency of 440 Hz. If the tension is 75 N, what is the mass of the string?
A vibrating string has a fundamental frequency of 250 Hz. The tension is then increased by a factor of 1.9. What is the new value of the fundamental frequency?
A violin string has an initial tension of 45.0 N. When playing the note A on the violin, the frequency is found to be 435 Hz. This note should actually have the frequency 440 Hz, so the player
A steel piano string for the note middle C is about 0.60 m long and is under a tension of 600 N. If the fundamental frequency is 262 Hz, what is the string’s diameter?
The vibrating length of a guitar string is reduced by a factor of 2.5 when a player holds the string against a fret. What is the change in the frequency of the fundamental standing wave on the string?
Two nearby nodes of a standing wave are separated by 3.5 m. If the frequency of the wave is 150 Hz, what is the speed of the wave?

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