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college physics with an integrated approach

College Physics With An Integrated Approach To Forces And Kinematics 5th Edition Alan Giambattista - Solutions

Make a sketch (similar to Fig. 25.15b) of the reflected rays from two adjacent steps of the Morpho butterfly wing for a large angle of incidence (around 45°). Refer to your sketch to explain why the wavelength at which constructive interference occurs depends on the viewing angle.
Light of 650 nm is incident on two slits. A maximum is seen at an angle of 4.10° and the next minimum at 4.78°. What is the order m of the maximum and what is the distance d between the slits?
Use a compass to make an accurate drawing of the wave fronts in a double-slit interference experiment similar to Fig. 25.17c. Place the slits 2.0 cm apart and let the wavelength of the incident wave be 1.0 cm. Using a straightedge, draw lines of constructive interference (antinodes) and use them to
Ramon has a coherent light source with wavelength 547 nm. He wishes to send light through a double slit with slit separation of 1.50 mm to a screen 90.0 cm away. What is the minimum width of the screen if Ramon wants to display five complete bright fringes?
Red light of 650 nm appears in orders 1, 2 and 3 using a particular grating. What are the minimum and maximum possible number of slits per centimeter in this grating?
A grating is made of exactly 8000 slits; the slit spacing is 1.50 μm. Light of wavelength 0.600 μm is incident normally on the grating. (a) How many maxima are seen in the pattern on the screen? (b) Sketch the pattern that would appear on a screen 3.0 m from the grating. Label distances
A spectrometer is used to analyze a light source. The screen-to grating distance is 50.0 cm, and the grating has 5000.0 slits/cm. Spectral lines are observed at the following angles: 12.98°, 19.0°, 26.7°, 40.6°, 42.4°, 63.9°, and 77.6°. (a) How many different wavelengths are present in
A grating 1.600 cm wide has exactly 12000 slits. The grating is used to resolve two nearly equal wavelengths in a light source: λa = 440.000 nm and λb = 440.936 nm. (a) How many orders of the lines can be seen with the grating? (b) What is the angular separation θb − θa between the
One way to measure the width of a narrow object is to examine its diffraction pattern. When laser light is shone on a long, thin object, such as a straightened strand of human hair, the resulting diffraction pattern has minima at the same angles as for a slit of the same width. If a laser of
An eagle can determine that two light brown shrews sitting 1.0 cm apart on a pathway 125 m below her are in fact two shrews rather than a small rat. Assuming that only diffraction limits her ability to resolve the two shrews, estimate the diameter of her pupil. Use 500 nm as the average wavelength.
Two radio towers are a distance d apart as shown in the overhead view. Each antenna by itself would radiate equally in all directions in a horizontal plane. The radio waves have the same wavelength λ and start out in phase. A detector is moved in a circle all the way around the towers (−180°
The diffraction pattern of a small circular object has minima at the same angles as the diffraction pattern of a circular hole of the same diameter. By shining a laser on a sample of human blood, one can observe the diffraction pattern from red blood cells, which are roughly circular, and deduce
A grating with 5550 slits/cm has red light of 0.680 μm incident on it. The light shines through the grating onto a screen that is 5.50 m away.(a) What is the distance between adjacent slits on the grating? (b) How far from the central bright spot is the first-order maximum on the
(a) What would be the maximum intensity of the light falling on the screen if only one slit were open? (b) Find the wavelength of the light.Two narrow slits with a center-to-center distance of 0.48 mm are illuminated with coherent light at normal incidence. The intensity of the light falling
Sketch a graph of the intensity versus x if only one slit were open.Two narrow slits with a center-to-center distance of 0.48 mm are illuminated with coherent light at normal incidence. The intensity of the light falling on a screen 5.0 m away is shown in the figure, where x is the distance from
When using a certain grating, third-order violet light of wavelength 420 nm falls at the same angle as second-order light of a different wavelength. What is that wavelength?
Two slits separated by 20.0 μm are illuminated by light of wavelength 0.50 μm. If the screen is 8.0 m from the slits, what is the distance between the m = 0 and m = 1 bright fringes?
A spaceship passes over an observation station on Earth. Just as the nose of the ship passes the station, a light in the nose of the ship flashes. As the tail o0f the ship passes the station, a light flashes in the ship's tail. According to an Earth observer, 50.0 ns elapses between the two events.
Harvey claims that he annihilated a 1.00 lb bag of chocolate-chip cookies after playing basketball for 3 h. (a) If Harvey had truly annihilated the mass in the cookies, how much energy would be produced? (b) How many kilowatt-hours of electric energy is this?
A particle decays in flight into two pions, each having a rest energy of 140.0 MeV. The pions travel at right angles to each other with equal speeds of 0.900c. Find (a) The momentum magnitude of the original particle, (b) Its kinetic energy, (c) Its mass in units of MeV/c2.
A spaceship is traveling away from Earth at 0.70c. The astronauts report home by radio every 4.0 h (by their own clocks). (a) At what interval are the reports sent to Earth, according to Earth clocks? (b) At what interval are the reports received by Earth observers, according to their own
A cosmic-ray proton entering the atmosphere from space has a kinetic energy of 2.0 × 1020 eV. (a) What is its kinetic energy in joules? (b) If all of the kinetic energy of the proton could be harnessed to lift an object of mass 1.0 kg near Earth's surface, how far could the object be
An object has a mass of 12.6 kg and a speed of 0.87c. (a) What is the magnitude of its momentum? (b) If a constant force of 424.6 N acts in the direction opposite to the object's motion, how long must the force act to bring the object to rest?
An astronaut has spent a long time in the International Space Station (ISS) traveling at 7.66 km/s. When he returns to Earth, he is 50 ms younger than his twin brother. How long was he on the ISS?
Derivation of the Doppler formula for light. A source and observer of EM waves move relative to each other at velocity v. Let v be positive if the observer and source are moving apart from each other.The source emits an EM wave at frequency fs (measured in the source frame). The time between
The solar energy arriving at the top of Earth's atmosphere from the Sun has intensity 1.4 kW/m2. (a) How much mass does the Sun lose per day? (b) What percent of the Sun's mass is this?
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 25.00 MV. (a) What would you calculate for the speed of the electron if relativistic equations were not used? (b) What is the actual speed of the electron in this case?
An electron, passing close to a target nucleus, slows and radiates away some of its energy. What is this process called?(a) Compton effect(b) Photoelectric effect(c) Bremsstrahlung(d) Blackbody radiation(e) Stimulated emission
How many emission lines are possible for atomic hydrogen gas with atoms excited to the n = 4 state?(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6
In the Compton effect a photon of wavelength λ and frequency f is scattered from an electron, initially at rest. In this process,(a) The electron gains energy from the photon so that the scattered photon's wavelength is less than λ.(b) The electron gives energy to the scattered photon so that the
The number of electrons per second ejected from a metal in the photoelectric effect(a) Is proportional to the intensity of the incident light.(b) Is proportional to the frequency of the incident light.(c) Is proportional to the wavelength of the incident light.(d) Is proportional to the threshold
Two lasers emit equal numbers of photons per second. If the first laser emits blue light and the second emits red light, the power radiated by the first is(a) Greater than that emitted by the second.(b) Less than that emitted by the second.(c) Equal to that emitted by the second.(d) Impossible to
In analyzing data from a spectroscopic experiment, the inverse of each experimentally determined wavelength of the Balmer series is plotted versus where ni is the initial energy level from which a transition to the n = 2 level takes place. The slope of the line is(a) The shortest wavelength of the
If a photoelectric material has a work function ϕ, the threshold wavelength for the material is given by (a) Ф hc (b) hf hc (c) þ (d) þ e (e) $ Ф hf
Photoelectric experiments are performed with five different metals. Given the work function of the metal ϕ and the energy of the incident photons E, rank the experiments in order of the stopping potential, largest to smallest. (a) ϕ = 2.0 eV, E = 2.8 eV; (b) ϕ = 2.2 eV, E = 3.0
Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V and then strike a dense target. In the x-rays that are produced, there is(a) A maximum wavelength.(b) A minimum wavelength.(c) A single wavelength.(d) Neither a maximum nor a minimum wavelength.(e) Both a maximum and a minimum wavelength.
A photoelectric experiment illuminates the same metal with six different ultraviolet sources. Both the wavelength and the intensity vary from one source to another. Rank the six situations in order of the stopping potential, largest to smallest. (a) λ = 200 nm, I = 200 W/m2; (b) λ = 250
A darkroom used for developing black-and-white film can be dimly lit by red light without ruining the film. Why is red light used rather than white or blue or some other color?
In a photoelectric effect experiment, light of a single wavelength is incident on the metal surface. As the intensity of the incident light is increased,(a) The stopping potential increases.(b) The stopping potential decreases.(c) The work function increases.(d) The work function decreases.(e) None
In a photoelectric effect experiment, the stopping potential is determined by(a) The work function of the metal.(b) The wavelength of the incident light.(c) The intensity of the incident light.(d) All three (a), (b), and (c).(e) Both (b) and (c).(f) Both (a) and (b).(g) Both (a) and (c).
What process becomes especially important for photons with energies in excess of 1.02 MeV?
You are given two x-ray tubes, A and B. In tube A, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV. In tube B, the electrons are accelerated through 40 kV. What is the ratio of the minimum wavelength of x-rays in tube A to the minimum wavelength in tube B?
The hydrogen atom emits a photon when making a transition between energy levels ni → nf. Rank the transitions according to the wavelength of the emitted photon, largest to smallest. (a) 4 → 2; (b) 3→ 1; (c) 2 → 1; (d) 3 → 2; (e) 4 → 3; (f) 5 → 4.
If an atom had only four distinct energy levels between which electrons could make transitions, how many spectral lines of different wavelengths could the atom emit?
The Paschen series in the hydrogen emission spectrum is formed by electron transitions from ni > 3 to nf = 3. (a) What is the longest wavelength in the Paschen series? (b) What is the wavelength of the series limit (the lower bound of the wavelengths in the series)? (c) In what
A positron emission tomography (PET) scanner detects 511 keV photons emitted when positrons and electrons annihilate each other. What is the wavelength of the photons?
The reactions listed in Problem 53 did not stop there. To the surprise of the Curies, the phosphorus decay continued after the alpha bombardment ended with the phosphorus emitting a β+ to form yet another product. Write out this reaction, identifying the other product.Data From Problem 53Irène
An effective treatment for cancer takes advantage of the fact that boron readily captures slow neutrons. In the body, boron is much more likely to capture a neutron than are carbon, oxygen, or hydrogen. Because of the chemical similarity of boron and carbon, a rapidly dividing cellular structure
Explain why neutron-activated nuclides tend to decay by β− rather than β+.
Of the hypothetical nuclear reactions listed here, which would violate conservation of charge? (a) (b) Na + H → (c) (d) ¹N+H → (e) none of them (f) all of them (g) all but (c) (h) (a) and (d) ¹B+He B+ on → N + H ¹B + ß¯ + v 20 -10¹ 13, Ne + He C + B+ + v
Of the hypothetical nuclear reactions listed in Multiple-Choice Question 4, which would violate conservation of nucleon number?Data From Question 4 (a) ¹B+He → N + H B+nB (b) + ß¯ + v Na + H → 20 10 Ne + He (c) (d) ¹N+H → C + B+ + v (e) none of them (f) all of them (g) all but (c) (h) (a)
In a fusion reaction, two deuterons produce a helium-3 nucleus. What is the other product of the reaction?(a) An electron(b) A proton(c) A neutron(d) An alpha particle(e) A positron(f) A neutrino
For all stable nuclei(a) There are equal numbers of protons and neutrons.(b) There are more protons than neutrons.(c) There are more neutrons than protons.(d) None of the above have to be true.
Which of the units listed in Multiple-Choice Question 9 are appropriate for the biologically equivalent dose that results when a person is exposed to radiation?Data From Question 9Which of these are appropriate units for the decay constant λ of a radioactive nuclide?(a) s(b) Ci(c) rad(d) s−1(e)
(a) What is the mass defect of the 1H atom due to the binding energy of the electron (in the ground state)? (b) Should we worry about this mass defect when we calculate the mass of the 1H nucleus by subtracting the mass of one electron from the mass of the 1H atom?
Because iodine accumulates in the thyroid, radioactive iodine-131 can be used to kill cancerous thyroid tissue with minimal damage to other tissue. Sometimes the dose is administered in an outpatient setting and the patient is allowed to go home, with instructions on how to protect others from
The radioisotope 131I, used to diagnose and treat thyroid conditions, can be produced by neutron activation of tellurium inside a nuclear reactor. A hospital receives a shipment of 131I with an initial activity of 3.7 × 1010 Bq. After 2.5 days, several patients are to be given doses of 1.1 × 109
To perform a bone scan, 3.8 × 106 Bq of 85Sr is injected into a patient. The half-life of 85Sr is 30.1 yr, and its mass is 84.9 u. What mass of 85Sr is injected into the patient?
A sample of potassium-40 has an activity of 9.0 mCi. What is its mass?
A 65 kg patient undergoes a diagnostic chest x-ray and receives a biologically equivalent dose of 0.2 mSv distributed over 33% of the patient’s body mass. If the x-rays have a relative biological effectiveness of 0.90, how much energy is absorbed by the patient’s body?
The greatest concentration of iodine in the body is in the thyroid gland, so radioactive iodine-131 is often used as a tracer to help diagnose thyroid problems. Suppose the activity of 131I in a patient’s thyroid is initially 1.85 × 106 Bq. 131I decays via beta radiation with an average
Estimate the energy released in the fission reaction of Eq. (29-48) from the values of the binding energy per nucleon in Fig. 29.2. 8 7 5 Binding energy per nucleon (MeV) 3 + go ¹2C He Li He 2 1 H Ni 58 Fe 50 133 100 Nucleon number (A) 150 208Pb 22Rn 86 200 20
Calculate the energy released in the fission reaction of Eq. (29-47). on + 235U → 235U* 230U* 14Ba + Kr + 3n (29-47)
One possible fission reaction for 235U is 235U + n → 141Cs + 93Rb + ?n, where “?n” represents one or more neutrons. (a) How many neutrons? (b) From the graph in Fig. 29.2, you can read the ∞ 7 5 Binding energy per nucleon (MeV) 3 4 26 Igo 12C He tut 2 1
What is the total energy released by the proton-proton cycle [Eq. (29- 54)]? 4p + 2e → He + 2v
The natural abundance of deuterium in water is 0.0156% (i.e., 0.0156% of the hydrogen nuclei in water are 2H). If the fusion reaction (2H + 2H) yields 3.65 MeV of energy on average, how much energy could you get from 1.00 L of water? (There are two reactions with approximately equal
Radioactive iodine, 131I, is used in some forms of medical diagnostics, (a) If the initial activity of a sample is 64.5 mCi, what is the mass of 131I in the sample? (b) What will the activity be 4.5 d later?
A sample of gold, decays radioactively with an initial rate of 1.00 × 1010 Bq intoThe half-life is 2.70 days. (a) What is the decay rate after 8.10 days? (b) What particle or particles are emitted during this decay process? 198 79 Au,
A 20881T1* nucleus (mass 208.0 u) emits a 452 keV photon to jump to a state of lower energy. Assuming the nucleus is initially at rest, calculate the kinetic energy of the nucleus after the photon has been emitted.
The first nuclear reaction ever observed (in 1919 by Ernest Rutherford) was(a) Identify the reaction product “(?).” (b) For this reaction to take place, the alpha particle must come in contact with the nitrogen nucleus. Calculate the distance d between their centers when they just make
What fundamental particles make up an atom?
A baryon can be composed of(a) Any odd number of quarks.(b) Three quarks with three different colors.(c) Three quarks of matching color.(d) A colorless quark-antiquark pair.
What tool enabled scientists to create hundreds of different hadrons in the latter half of the twentieth century?
Mesons are composed of(a) Any odd number of quarks.(b) Three quarks with three different colors.(c) Three quarks of matching color.(d) A colorless quark-antiquark pair.
Quark flavors include(a) Up, down.(b) Red, green.(c) Muon, pion.(d) Cyan, magenta.(e) Lepton, gluon.
Hadrons that contain one or more strange quarks are called strange particles. The particles were originally called strange—before quark theory had been formulated—due to their anomalously long lifetimes of 10−10 to 10−7 s (compared with about 10−23 to 10−20 s for the other hadrons
The weak interaction is mediated by (a) leptons. (b) photons. (c) gluons. 0 (d) w+, w, zº. W (e) mesons.
What is the quark content of an antiproton?
What particles are in the lepton family?
The exchange particle that mediates the electromagnetic interaction is the(a) Graviton.(b) Photon.(c) Gluon.(d) Hadron.(e) Neutrino.
The exchange particle that mediates the strong interaction is the(a) Graviton.(b)Photon.(c) Gluon.(d) Hadron.(e) Neutrino.
The exchange particle that mediates the gravitational interaction is called the(a) Graviton.(b) Photon.(c) Gluon.(d) Hadron.(e) Neutrino.
Which of the following particles interact via the strong interaction?(a) Quarks(b) Gravitons(c) Electrons(d) Leptons(e) Neutrinos
Why do we not notice the effects of 1014 neutrinos passing through our bodies every second?
The strong force is _____, and over that range it ____ as the distance between quarks increases.(a) Short range; becomes weaker(b) Short range; becomes stronger(c) Short range; does not vary(d) Long range; becomes weaker(e) Long range; becomes stronger
(a) A particle is made up of the quarks sū. Is this a meson or a baryon? What is the charge of this particle?(b) A particle is made up of the quarks udc. Is this a meson or a baryon? What is the charge of this particle?(c) The particle in (b) can decay to Λ + e+ + νe. Through what
A lambda particle (Λ) decays at rest to a proton and pion through the reaction Λ → p + π−. The rest energies of the particles are: Λ, 1115.7 MeV; p, 938.3 MeV; and π−, 139.6 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the kinetic energies of the proton and pion.
In the LHC, protons are accelerated to a total energy of 7 TeV. (a) What is the speed of these protons? (b) The LHC tunnel is 27 km in circumference. As measured by an Earth observer, how long does it take the protons to go around the tunnel once? (c) In the reference frame of the
A lens (n = 1.52) is coated with a magnesium fluoride film (n = 1.38). (a) If the coating is to cause destructive interference in reflected light for λ = 560 nm (the peak of the solar spectrum), what should its minimum thickness be? (b) At what two wavelengths closest to 560 nm does the
Which of these statements are postulates of Einstein's special relativity? (1) The speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames. (2) Moving clocks run slow. (3) Moving objects are contracted along the direction of motion. (4) The laws of nature are the same in all inertial reference
An astronaut in a rocket moving with a speed v = 0.6c relative to Earth performs a collision experiment with two small steel balls and concludes that both momentum and energy are conserved in his reference frame. What would an Earth observer conclude?(a) Momentum and energy are conserved.(b)
As you talk on a cell phone, does the mass of the phone's battery change at all? If so, does it increase or decrease?
Which of these statements correctly defines an inertial frame?(a) An inertial frame is a frame in which there are no forces.(b) An inertial frame is one in which Newton's second and third laws hold, but not his first.(c) An inertial frame is a frame of reference in which Newtonian mechanics holds
A spaceship moves away from Earth at constant velocity 0.60c, according to Earth observers. In the reference frame of the spaceship,(a) Earth moves away from the spaceship at 0.60c.(b) Earth moves away from the spaceship at a speed less than 0.60c.(c) Earth moves away from the spaceship at a speed
An astronaut in top physical condition has an average resting pulse on Earth of about 52 beats per minute. Suppose the astronaut is in a spaceship traveling at 0.87c (γ = 2) with respect to Earth when he takes his own resting pulse. Does he measure about 52 beats per minute, about 26 beats per
Which best describes the proper time interval between two events?(a) The time interval measured in a reference frame in which the two events occur at the same place(b) The time interval measured in a reference frame in which the two events are simultaneous(c) The time interval measured in a
A clock ticks once each second and is 10 cm long when at rest. If the clock is moving at 0.80c parallel to its length with respect to an observer, the observer measures the time between ticks to be _____ and the length of the clock to be _____.(a) More than 1 s; more than 10 cm(b) Less than 1 s;
Before takeoff, an astronaut measures the length of the spacecraft to be 37.24 m long using a steel rule. Once aboard the spacecraft with it traveling at 0.10c, he measures the length again using the same steel rule and finds a value of(a) 37.05 m.(b) 37.24 m.(c) 37.43 m.(d) Either 37.05 m or 37.24
An observer sees an asteroid with a radioactive element moving by at a speed of 0.20c and notes that the half-life of the radioactivity is T. Another observer is moving with the asteroid and measures the halflife to be (a) Less than T.(b) equal to T.(c) Greater than T.(d) Either (a) or (c)
Twin sisters become astronauts. One sister goes on a space mission lasting several decades while the other remains behind on Earth. Which of the following statements concerning their relative ages is true?(a) The sister who was on the mission in space is older than her twin once they reunite on

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