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chemical engineering

Questions and Answers of Chemical Engineering

A charge of 100 kmol of an equimolar mixture of A, B, and C, with αA,B= 2 and αA ,C = 4, is distilled in a batch rectifier containing the equivalent of four theoretical stages, including the
A charge of 200 kmol of a mixture of 40 mol% A, 50 mol% B, and 10 mol% C with αA,C = 2.0 and αB,C = c1.5 is to be separated in a batch rectifier with a total of three theoretical stages and
A charge of 100 lbmol of 35 mol% n-hexane, 35 mol% n-heptane, and 30 mol% n-octane is to be distilled at 1 atm in a batch rectifier, consisting of a partial reboiler, a column, and a total condenser,
A charge of 100 lbmol of a hydrocarbon mixture containing 10 mol% propane, 30 mol% n-butane, 10 mol% n-pentane, and the balance n-hexane is to be separated in a batch rectifier equipped with a
A charge of 100 lbmol of benzene (B), monochlorobenzene (MCB), and o-dichlorobenzene (DCB) is being distilled in a batch rectifier that consists of a total condenser, a column with 10 theoretical
A mixture of 100 kmoles of 30 mol% methanol, 30 mol% ethanol, and 50 mol% n-propanol is charged at a pressure of 120 kPa to a batch rectifier, consisting of a partial reboiler, a column containing
Repeat Exercise 13.29 with the following modifications. Add a third operating step. For all three steps, use the same distillate rate and reflux rate as in Exercise 13.29. Use the following durations
A mixture of 100 kmoles of 45 mol% acetone, 30 mol% chloroform, and 25 mol% benzene is charged at pressure of 101.3 kPa to a batch rectifier, consisting of a partial reboiler, a column containing the
Using a batch-distillation simulation program, make the following modifications to the C6-C7-C8 ternary example in Section 13.8:(a) Increase the reflux above 8 to eliminate the second slop cut.(b)
Explain, as completely as you can, how membrane separations differ from:(a) Absorption and stripping(b) Distillation(c) Liquid-liquid extraction(d) Extractive distillation
For the commercial application of membrane separators discussed at the beginning of this chapter, calculate the permeabilities of hydrogen and methane in barrer.
A new asymmetric, polyimide, polymer membrane has been developed for the separation of N2 from CH4. At 30°C, permeance values are 50,000 and 10,000 barrer/cm for N2 and CH4, respectively. If this
A hollow-fiber module has 4,000 ft2 of membrane surface area based on the inside diameter of the fibers, which are 42 ?m i.d. x 85 ?m 0.d. x 1.2 m long each. Determine:(a) The number of hollow fibers
A typical spiral-wound module made from a flat sheet of membrane material is 0.3 m in diameter and 3 m long.' If the packing density (membrane surface area/unit module volume) is 500 m2/m3, determine
A monolithic membrane element, of the type shown in figure d, contains 19 flow channels that are 0.5 cm in inside diameter by 0.85 m long. If nine of these elements are placed into a cylindrical
Water at 70°C is to be passed through a porous polyethylene membrane of 25% porosity with an average pore diameter of 0.3 micron and an average tortuosity of 1.3. The pressures on the downstream and
A porous-glass membrane, with an average pore diameter of 40 a, is to be used to separate light gases at 25oC under conditions where Knudsen flow may be dominant. The downstream pressure is 15 psia,
Two mechanisms for the transport of gas components through a porous membrane that are not discussed in Section 14.3 or illustrated in Figure are (1) partial condensation in the pores by some
A mixture of 60 mol% propylene and 40 mol% propane at a flow rate of 100 lbmol/h and at 25?C and 300 psia is to be separated with a polyvinyltrimethylsilane polymer (see Table 14.9 for
Repeat part (a) of Exercise 14.10 for a two-stage stripping cascade and a two-stage enriching cascade, as shown in Figure. However, select just one set of reasonable cuts for the two stages of each
Repeat Example 14.7 with the following changes:Tube-side Reynolds number = 25,000Tube inside diameter = 0.4 cmPermeate-side mass-transfer coefficient = 0.06 cm/sHow important is concentration
An aqueous process stream of 100 gal/h at 2oC contains 8 wt% Na2SO4 and 6 wt% of a high-molecular-weight substance (A). This stream is processed in a continuous, counter current-flow dialyzer using a
A dialyzer is to be used to separate 300 L/h of an aqueous solution containing 0.1 M NaCI and 0.2 M HCI. Laboratory experiments with the microporous membrane to be used give the following values for
A total of 86,000 gal/day of an aqueous solution of 3,000 ppm of NaCl is to be desalinized to 400 ppm by electrodialysis, with a 40% conversion. The process will be conducted in four stages, with
A reverse-osmosis plant is used to treat 30,000,000 gal/day of seawater at 20°C containing 3.5 wt% dissolved solids to produce 10,000,000 gal/day of potable water with 500 ppm of dissolved solids,
A reverse-osmosis process is to be designed to handle a feed flow rate of 100gal/min. Three designs have been proposed, differing in the % recovery of potable water from the feed:Design 1: A single
The production of paper involves a pulping step to break down wood chips into cellulose and lignin. In the Kraft process, an aqueous, pulping-feed solution, known as white liquor, is used that
Gas permeation can be used to recover VOCs from air at low pressures using a membrane material that is highly selective for the VOCs. In a typical application, 1,500 scfm (0°C, 1 atm) of air
The separation of air into nitrogen and oxygen is widely practiced. Cryogenic distillation is most economical for processing 100 to 5,000 tons of air per day, while pressure-swing-adsorption is
A joint venture has been underway for several years to develop a membrane process to separate CO2 and H2S from high-pressure sour natural gas. Typical feed and product conditions are:To meet these
Pervaporation is to be used to separate ethyl acetate (EA) from water. The feed rate is 100,000 gallday of water containing 2.0 wt% EA at 30°C and 20 psia. The membrane is dense polydimethylsiloxane
For a temperature of 60°C and a permeate pressure of 15.2 mmHg, Wesslein et al. [45] measured a total permeation flux of 1.6 kg/m2-h for a 17.0 wt% ethanol in water feed, giving a permeate of 12 wt%
The separation of benzene (B) from cyclohexane (C) by distillation at 1 atm is impossible because of a minimum-boiling-point azeotrope at 54.5 mol% benzene. However, extractive distillation with
Based on the problem statement of Example 14.14, calculate for just Section 1 the component material balance in pounds per day of operation, the percent recovery (yield) from the whey of the TP and
Based on the problem statement of Example 14.14, design a four-stage diafiltration section to take the 55 wt% concentrate from Section 1 and achieve the desired 85 wt% concentrate, thus eliminating
Using the membrane and feed conditions of and values for Rm, and K2 determined in Example 14.15 for DEF microfiltration, compute and plot the permeate flux and cumulative permeate volume as a
Porous particles of activated alumina have a BET surface area of 310 m2/g, a particle porosity of 0.48, and a particle density of 1.30 g/cm3. Determine: (a) Specific pore volume in cm3/g,(b) True
Carbon molecular sieves are available in two forms from a Japanese manufacturer:Estimate the surface area of eachform.
Representative properties of small-pore silica gel are as follows: pore diameter = 24 A; particle porosity = 0.47; particle density = 1.09 g/cm3 and specific surface area = 800 m2/g(a) Are these
The following data were obtained in a BET apparatus for adsorption equilibrium of nitrogen on silica gel (SG) at -195.8°C. Estimate the specific surface area in m2/g of silica gel. How does your
Estimate the maximum ion-exchange capacity in meq/g resin for an ion-exchange resin made from 8 wt% divinylbenzene and 92 wt% styrene.
Shen and Smith [Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 7, 100-105 (1968)] measured equilibrium-adsorption isotherms at four different temperatures for pure benzene vapor on silica gel, having the following
The separation of propane and propylene is accomplished by distillation, but at the expense of more than 100 trays and a reflux ratio of greater than 10. Consequently, the use of adsorption has been
Ruthven and Kaul [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2047-2052 (1993)l measured adsorption isotherms for a series of gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons on well-defined crystals of NaX zeolite over ranges of
Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Hoffman [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 1153-1 157 (1950)] measured adsorption equilibria for pure propane, pure propylene, and binary mixtures thereof, on activated carbon and
In Example 15.6, pure-component, liquid-phase adsorption data are used with the extended-Langmuir isotherm to predict a binary-solute data point. Use the following mixture data to obtain the best fit
Sircar and Myers [J. Phys. Chem., 74,2828-2835 (1970)] measured liquid-phase adsorption at 30?C for a binary mixture of cyclohexane (1) and ethyl alcohol (2) on activated carbon. Assuming no
Both the adsorptive removal of small amounts of toluene from water and small amounts of water from toluene are important in the process industries. Activated carbon is particularly effective for
Derive (15-44). Use this equation to solve the following problem. Sulfate ion is to be removed from 60 L of water by exchanging it with chloride ion on 1 L of a strong-base resin with relative molar
Silver ion in methanol was exchanged with sodium ion using Dowex 50 cross-linked with 8% divinyl benzene by Gable and Stroebel [J. Phys. Chem., 60, 513-517 (1956)]. The molar selectivity coefficient
Ion exclusion is a process that uses ion-exchange resins to separate nonionic organic compounds from ionic species contained in a polar solvent, usually water. The resin is pre-saturated with the
Benzene vapor in an air stream is adsorbed in a fixed bed of 4 x 6 mesh silica gel packed to an external void fraction of 0.5. The bed is 2 feet in inside diameter and the air flow rate is 25 lb/min
Water vapor in an air stream is to be adsorbed in a 12.06-cm-inside-diameter column packed with 3.3-mm-diameter Alcoa F-200 activated alumina beads with an external porosity of 0.442. At a location
For the conditions of Example 15.8 estimate the effective diffusivity of acetone vapor in the pores of activated carbon with the following properties: particle density = 0.85 g/cm3, particle porosity
For the conditions of Exercise 15.16, estimate the effective diffusivity of benzene vapor in the pores of silica gel with the following properties: particle density = 1.15 g/cm3 particle porosity =
For the conditions of Exercise 15.17, estimate the effective diffusivity of water vapor in the pores of activated alumina with the following properties: particle density = 1.38 g/cm3, particle
Adsorption with activated carbon, made from bituminous coal, of soluble organic compounds (SOCs) to purify surface and ground water is a proven technology, as discussed by Stenzel [Chem. Eng. Prog.,
Repeat Exercise 15.21 for water containing 0.324 mg/L of benzene (B) and 0.630 mg/L of m-xylene (X). Adsorption isotherms at 25OC for these low concentrations are essentially independent and are
Repeat Exercise 15.21 for water containing 0.223 mg/L chloroform, whose concentration is to be reduced to 0.010 mg/L. The adsorption isotherm at 25°C is given by q = 10c0.564
Three fixed-bed adsorbers containing 10,000 lb of granules of activated carbon (ρb = 30 lb/ft3) each are to be used to treat 250gpm of water containing 4.6 mg/L of 1, 2-dichloroethane (D) to reduce
The fixed-bed adsorber series arrangement of Exercise 15.24 is to be used to treat 250gpm of water containing 0.185 mg/L of benzene (B) and 0.583 mg/L of m-xylene (X). However, because the two
Air at 80°F, 1 atm, 80% relative humidity, and a superficial velocity of 100 ft/min passes through a 5-ft-high bed of 2.8-mmdiameter spherical particles of silica gel (ρb = 39 lb/ft3). The
A train of four 55-gallon cannisters of activated carbon is to be used to reduce the nitroglycerine (NG) content of 400 gph of wastewater from 2,000 ppm by weight to less than 1 ppm. Each cannister
Air at a flow rate of 12,000 scfm (60?F, 1 atm) and containing 0.5 mol% ethyl acetate (EA) and no water vapor is to be treated with activated carbon (C) (?b = 30 lb/ft3) with an equivalent particle
In Examples 15.11 and 15.13, benzene is adsorbed from air at 70?F in a 6-ft-high bed of silica gel and then stripped with air at 145?F. If the bed height is changed to 30 ft, the following data are
Use the method of lines with a five-point, biased, upwind finite-difference approximation and a stiff integrator to perform PSA cycle calculations that approach the cyclic steady state for the data
Solve Example 15.14 for PL = 0.12 atm and an interstitial velocity during desorption that corresponds to the use of 44.5% of the product gas from the adsorption step.
For the separation of air by PSA, adsorption of both O2 and NZ must be considered. Develop a model for this case taking into account two species mass balances, overall mass balance, two species
Two adsorption-based separation processes not considered in this chapter because of lack of significant commercial application are (1) parametric pumping, first conceived by R.H. Wilhelm in the early
A gas mixture containing 55 mol% propane and 45 mol% propylene is to be separated into products containing 10 and 90 mol% propane by adsorption in a continuous, countercurrent adsorption system
Repeat Example 15.19, except for a feed containing 400 ppm (by weight) of CaCl2 and 50 ppm of NaCI.
Using experimental data from pilot-plant tests of soybean extraction by Othmer and Agarwa1, summarized at the beginning of this chapter, check the mass balances for oil and hexane around the
Barium carbonate, which is essentially water insoluble, is to be made by precipitation from an aqueous solution containing 120,000 kg/day of water and 40,000 kg/day of barium sulfide, with the
Calcium-carbonate precipitate can be produced by the reaction of an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and calcium oxide. The by-product is aqueous sodium hydroxide. Following decantation, the
Zinc is to be recovered from an ore containing zinc sulfide. The ore is first roasted with oxygen to produce zinc oxide, which is then leached with aqueous sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble zinc
Fifty-thousand kg/h of flaked soybeans, containing 20 wt% oil, is to be leached of the oil with the same flow rate of n-hexane in a countercurrent-flow system consisting of an ideal leaching stage
One hundred tons per hour of a feed containing 20 wt% Na2CO3 and the balance insoluble solids is to be leached and washed with water in a continuous, countercurrent system. Assume that leaching will
Titanium dioxide, which is the most common white pigment in paint, can be produced from the titanium mineral, rutile, by chlorination to TiCl4, followed by oxidation to TiO2. To purify the insoluble
Derive (16-20), assuming that (Yi)b, kc, m, and a and that (Xi)o is uniform through the solid,
Derive(16-24).
Data of Othmer and Agarwal [1] for the batch extraction of oil from soybeans by oil-free n-hexane at 80°F are as follows: Determine whether these data are consistent with a constant effective
Estimate the molecular diffusivity of sucrose in water at infinite dilution at 80°C, noting that the value is 0.54 x 10-5 cm2/s at 25°C. Give reasons for the difference between the value you obtain
A desublimation unit of the heat-exchanger type is to be sized for the recovery of 200 kg/h of benzoic acid (BA) from a gas stream containing 0.8 mol% BA and 99.2 mol% N2. The gas enters the unit at
Benzoic acid is to be crystallized by bulk-phase desublimation from N2 using a novel method described by Vitovec, Smolik, and Kugler [Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 42, 1108-1117 (1977)]. The gas,
Derive (17-75).
Fifty-thousand pounds per hour of a 20 wt% aqueous solution of NaOH at 120°F is to be fed to an evaporator operating at 3.7 psia, where the solution is concentrated to 40 wt% NaOH. The heating
A 10 wt% aqueous solution of NaOH at 100°F and a flow rate of 30.000 lb/h is to be concentrated to 50 wt% by evaporation using saturated steam at 115 psia.(a) If a single-effect evaporator is used
A 10 wt% aqueous solution of MgSO4 at 14.7 psia and 70°F is sent to a double-effect evaporator system with forward feed at a flow rate of 16,860 lb/h, to be concentrated to 30 wt% MgSO4. The
The surface moisture of crystals of NaCl of 0.5-mm average particle size is to be removed in a continuous, direct-heat dryer without a significant change to the particle size. What types of dryers
A batch dryer is to be selected to dry 100 kg/h of a toxic, temperature-sensitive material (maximum of 50°C) of an average particle size of 350 Fm. What dryers are suitable?
A thin, milk-like liquid is to be dried to produce a fine powder. What types of continuous, direct-heat dryers would be suitable? The material should not be heated above 200°C.
The selection of a batch or continuous dryer is determined largely by the condition of the feed, the temperature-sensitivity of the dried material, and the form of the dried product. What types of
Solar drying has been used for centuries to dry and, thus, preserve fish, fruit, meat, plants, seeds, and wood. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of drying? What other types of
Fluidized-bed dryers are used to dry a variety of vegetables, including potato granules, peas, diced carrots, and onion flakes. What are the advantages of this type of dryer for these types of
Powdered milk can be produced from liquid milk in a three-stage process: (1) vacuum evaporation in a falling-film evaporator to a high-viscosity liquid of less than 50 wt% water; (2) spray drying to
Deterioration must be strictly avoided when drying pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, such products are often produced from a nonaqueous solvent such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, etc. Explain
Paper is made from a suspension of fibers in water. The process begins by draining the fibers to a water-to-fiber ratio of 6:1, followed by pressing to a 2:1 ratio. What type of dryer could then be
Green wood contains from 40 to 110 wt% moisture (dry basis) and must be dried before use to just under its equilibrium-moisture content when in the final environment. This moisture content is usually
Wet coal is usually dried to a moisture content of less than 20 wt% (dry basis) before being transported, briquetted, coked, gasified, carbonized, or burned. What types of direct-heat dryers are
Drying is widely used to remove solvents from coated webs, which include coated paper and cardboard, coated plastic films and tapes (e.g., photographic films and magnetic tapes), and coated metallic

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