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chemistry a molecular approach

Questions and Answers of Chemistry A Molecular Approach

Geologists can estimate the age of rocks by their uranium-238 content. The uranium is incorporated in the rock as it hardens and then decays with first-order kinetics and a half-life of 4.5 billion
Phosgene (Cl2CO), a poison gas used in World War I, is formed by the reaction of Cl2 and CO. The proposed mechanism for the reaction is:What rate law is consistent with this mechanism? Cl₂ = 2
Pick the stronger base from each pair. a. CIO4 or ClO₂ b. CI or H₂O c. CN or CIO™
Calculate [OH–] in each aqueous solution at 25 °C, and classify the solution as acidic or basic. a. [H3O¹] = C. [H3O+] = 1.2 x 10-8 M 3.5 x 10-² M b. [H3O¹] = 8.5 x 10-5 M
Calculate [H3O+] in each aqueous solution at 25 °C, and classify each solution as acidic or basic. a. [OH] = 1.1 x 10 ⁹ M c. [OH = 6.9 × 10-¹2 M b. [OH] = 2.9 × 10 2 M
Calculate the pH and pOH of each solution at 25 °C. a. [H3O¹] = 1.7 x 10-8 M C. [H3O¹] = 2.2 x 10-6 M b. [H3O¹] = 1.0 x 10-7M
Complete the table. (All solutions are at 25 °C.) [H3O+] 3.7 X 10-⁹ [OH-] 1.6 X 10-11 pH 3.15 11.1 Acidic or Basic
Calculate [H3O+] and [OH–] for each solution at 25 °C.a. pH = 8.55 b. pH = 11.23 c. pH = 2.87
Complete the table. (All solutions are at 25 °C.) [H3O+] 3.5 x 10-3 1.8 x 10 ⁹ [OH-] 3.8 x 10-7 pH 7.15 Acidic or Basic
Like all equilibrium constants, the value of Kw depends on temperature.At body temperature (37 °C), Kw = 2.4 * 10-14. What are the [H3O+] and pH of pure water at body temperature?
Calculate the pH of each acid solution. Explain how the resulting pH values demonstrate that the pH of an acid solution should carry as many digits to the right of the decimal place as the number of
The value of Kw increases with increasing temperature. Is the autoionization of water endothermic or exothermic?
Determine the concentration of H3O+ to the correct number of significant figures in a solution with each pH. Describe how these calculations show the relationship between the number of digits to the
For each strong acid solution, determine [H3O+], [OH–], and pH.a. 0.25 M HCl b. 0.015 M HNO3 c. A solution that is 0.052 M in HBr and 0.020 M in HNO3 d. A solution that is 0.655% HNO3 by mass
What mass of HI must be present in 0.250 L of solution to obtain a solution with each pH value?a. pH = 1.25 b. pH = 1.75 c. pH = 2.85
What mass of HClO4 must be present in 0.500 L of solution to obtain a solution with each pH value?a. pH = 2.50 b. pH = 1.50 c. pH = 0.50
What is the pH of a solution in which 224 mL of HCl(g), measured at 27.2 °C and 1.02 atm, is dissolved in 1.5 L of aqueous solution?
What volume of a concentrated HCl solution, which is 36.0% HCl by mass and has a density of 1.179 g/mL, should be used to make 5.00 L of an HCl solution with a pH of 1.8?
Determine the [H3O+] and pH of a 0.100 M solution of benzoic acid.
Determine the [H3O+] and pH of a 0.200 M solution of formic acid.
If 15.0 mL of glacial acetic acid (pure HC2H3O2) is diluted to 1.50 L with water, what is the pH of the resulting solution? The density of glacial acetic acid is 1.05 g/mL.
Calculate the pH of a formic acid solution that contains 1.35% formic acid by mass.
A 0.185 M solution of a weak acid (HA) has a pH of 2.95. Calculate the acid ionization constant (Ka) for the acid.
A 0.115 M solution of a weak acid (HA) has a pH of 3.29. Calculate the acid ionization constant (Ka) for the acid.
Determine the percent ionization of a 0.125 M HCN solution.
Determine the percent ionization of a 0.225 M solution of benzoic acid.
Calculate the percent ionization of an acetic acid solution having the given concentration.a. 1.00 M b. 0.500 M c. 0.100 M d. 0.0500 M
Calculate the percent ionization of a formic acid solution having the given concentration.a. 1.00 M b. 0.500 M c. 0.100 M d. 0.0500 M
A 0.148 M solution of a monoprotic acid has a percent ionization of 1.55%. Determine the acid ionization constant (Ka) for the acid.
A 0.085 M solution of a monoprotic acid has a percent ionization of 0.59%. Determine the acid ionization constant (Ka) for the acid.
Find the pH and percent ionization of each HF solution. (Ka for HF is 6.8 * 10-4.)a. 0.250 M HF b. 0.100 M HF c. 0.050 M HF
Find the pH and percent ionization of a 0.100 M solution of a weak monoprotic acid having the given Ka values.a. Ka = 1.0 * 10-5b. Ka = 1.0 * 10-3c. Ka = 1.0 * 10-1
Find the pH of each mixture of acids.a. 0.115 M in HBr and 0.125 M in HCHO2b. 0.150 M in HNO2 and 0.085 M in HNO3c. 0.185 M in HCHO2 and 0.225 M in HC2H3O2d. 0.050 M in acetic acid and 0.050 M in
For each strong base solution, determine [OH–], [H3O+], pH, and pOH. a. 0.15 M NaOH c. 4.8 x 10-4 M Sr(OH)2 b. 1.5 x 10³ M Ca(OH)2 d. 8.7 x 10 5 M KOH
Find the pH of each mixture of acids.a. 0.075 M in HNO3 and 0.175 M in HC7H5O2b. 0.020 M in HBr and 0.015 M in HClO4c. 0.095 M in HF and 0.225 M in HC6H5Od. 0.100 M in formic acid and 0.050 M in
For each strong base solution, determine [OH–], [H3O+], pH, and pOH. a. 8.77 x 10-3 M LiOH c. 1.9 x 10-4 M KOH b. 0.0112 M Ba(OH)2 d. 5.0 x 10-4 M Ca(OH)2
Determine the pH of a solution that is 3.85% KOH by mass. Assume that the solution has density of 1.01 g/mL.
Determine the pH of a solution that is 1.55% NaOH by mass. Assume that the solution has density of 1.01 g/mL.
What volume of 0.855 M KOH solution is required to make 3.55 L of a solution with pH of 12.4?
Write equations showing how each weak base ionizes water to form OH–. Also write the corresponding expression for Kb. a. NH3 b. HCO3 c. CH3NH₂
What volume of a 15.0% by mass NaOH solution, which has a density of 1.116 g/mL, should be used to make 5.00 L of an NaOH solution with a pH of 10.8?
Write equations showing how each weak base ionizes water to form OH–. Also write the corresponding expression for Kb. a. CO3²- b. C6H5NH₂ C. C2H5NH,
Determine the [OH–], pH, and pOH of a 0.15 M ammonia solution.
Determine the [OH–], pH, and pOH of a solution that is 0.125 M in CO32-.
Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is a weak base with a pKb of 10.4. Calculate the pH of a solution containing a caffeine concentration of 455 mg/L.
Amphetamine (C9H13N) is a weak base with a pKb of 4.2. Calculate the pH of a solution containing an amphetamine concentration of 225 mg/L.
Morphine is a weak base. A 0.150 M solution of morphine has a pH of 10.7. What is Kb for morphine?
A 0.135 M solution of a weak base has a pH of 11.23. Determine Kb for the base.
Determine if each anion acts as a weak base in solution. For those anions that are basic, write an equation that shows how the anion acts as a base. a. Br b. CIO C. CN d. Cl
Determine whether each anion is basic or neutral. For those anions that are basic, write an equation that shows how the anion acts as a base. a. C7H5O₂ b. I c. NO3 d. F
Determine the [OH–] and pH of a solution that is 0.140 M in F–.
Determine whether each cation is acidic or pH-neutral. For those cations that are acidic, write an equation that shows how the cation acts as an acid. a. NHA b. Nat c. CO³+ d. CH₂NH3
Determine the [OH–] and pH of a solution that is 0.250 M in HCO3–.
Determine whether each cation is acidic or pH-neutral. For each cation that is acidic, write an equation that shows how the cation acts as an acid. a. Sr2+ b. Mn³+ c. C5H5NH+ d. Lit
Determine if each salt will form a solution that is acidic, basic, or pH-neutral. a. FeCl3 d. NH4Br b. NaF e. C6H5NH3NO2 C. CaBr₂
Determine if each salt will form a solution that is acidic, basic, or pH-neutral. a. Al(NO3)3 d. Rbl b. C₂H5NH3NO3 e. NH,CIO c. K₂CO3
Arrange the solutions in order of increasing acidity. NaCl, NH4Cl, NaHCO3, NH4CIO2, NaOH
Arrange the solutions in order of increasing basicity. CH3NH,Br, KOH, KBr, KCN, C5H5NHNO,
Calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.15 M KF solution.
Calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.225 M C6H5NH3Cl solution.
Write chemical equations and corresponding equilibrium expressions for each of the three ionization steps of phosphoric acid.
Calculate the [H3O+] and pH of each polyprotic acid solution. a. 0.350 M H3PO4 b. 0.350 M H₂C₂O4
Write chemical equations and corresponding equilibrium expressions for each of the two ionization steps of carbonic acid.
Calculate the [H3O+] and pH of each polyprotic acid solution. a. 0.125 M H₂CO3 b. 0.125 MH3C6H5O7
Calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.500 M solution of H2SO3.
Calculate the concentration of all species in a 0.155 M solution of H2CO3.
Consider a 0.10 M solution of a weak polyprotic acid (H2A) with the possible values of Ka1 and Ka2 given here.Calculate the contributions to [H3O+] from each ionization step. At what point can the
Calculate the [H3O+] and pH of each H2SO4 solution. At approximately what concentration does the x is small approximation break down?a. 0.50 Mb. 0.10 Mc. 0.050 M
Based on their molecular structure, pick the stronger acid from each pair of binary acids. Explain your choice. a. HF and HCI b. H₂O or HF c. H₂Se or H₂S
Based on molecular structure, arrange the binary compounds in order of increasing acid strength. Explain your choice. H₂Te, HI, H₂S, NaH
Based on their molecular structure, pick the stronger acid from each pair of oxyacids. Explain your choice. a. H₂SO4 or H₂SO3 c. HCIO or HBrO b. HClO₂ or HCIO d. CC13COOH or CH3COOH
Based on molecular structure, arrange the oxyacids in order of increasing acid strength. Explain your choice. HClO3, HIO3, HBrO3
Which is a stronger base, S2- or Se2-? Explain.
Classify each species as either a Lewis acid or a Lewis base. a. Fe³+ c. NH3 b. BH3 d. F
Which is a stronger base, PO43- or AsO43-? Explain.
Classify each species as either a Lewis acid or a Lewis base. a. BeCl₂ b. OH- C. B(OH)3 d. CN-
Identify the Lewis acid and Lewis base from among the reactants in each equation. 3+ a. Fe³+ (aq) + 6 H₂O(1) 2+ b. Zn²+ (aq) + 4 NH3(aq) + BF3(g) c. (CH3)3N(g) Fe(H₂O)6³+ (aq) 2+ = Zn(NH3)4²+
Identify the Lewis acid and Lewis base from among the reactants in each equation. a. Ag (aq) + 2NH3(aq) → Ag(NH3)2+(aq) b. AlBr3 + NH3 H3NAIBr3 C. F (aq) + BF3(aq) = BF4 (aq)
Based on these molecular views, determine whether each pictured acid is weak or strong. H3O+- HF- F (a) CHO₂ H3O+- HCHO2- (c) H₂O+- (b) I- NO3- H₂O+ (d)
Based on these molecular views, determine whether each pictured base is weak or strong. ОН NH3- NH4+ (a) H2CO3- ОН- Nat- HCO3- (c) OH Nat- (b) OH- Sr2+_ (d)
The binding of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood involves the equilibrium reaction:In this equation, Hb is hemoglobin. The pH of normal human blood is highly controlled within a range of 7.35 to
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water according to the equations:Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have increased about 20% over the last century. Given that Earth’s oceans are exposed to
People often take milk of magnesia to reduce the discomfort associated with acid stomach or heartburn. The recommended dose is 1 teaspoon, which contains 4.00 * 102 mg of Mg(OH)2.What volume of an
Lakes that have been acidified by acid rain can be neutralized by liming, the addition of limestone (CaCO3). How much limestone (in kg) is required to completely neutralize a 4.3 billion liter lake
Acid rain over the Great Lakes has a pH of about 4.5. Calculate the [H3O+] of this rain and compare that value to the [H3O+] of rain over the West Coast that has a pH of 5.4. How many times more
Common aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, which has the structure shown here and a pKa of 3.5.Calculate the pH of a solution in which one normal adult dose of aspirin (6.5 * 102 mg) is dissolved in 8.0
White wines tend to be more acidic than red wines. Find the [H3O+] in a Sauvignon Blanc with a pH of 3.23 and a Cabernet Sauvignon with a pH of 3.64. How many times more acidic is the Sauvignon Blanc?
Write net ionic equations for the reactions that take place when aqueous solutions of the following substances are mixed:a. Sodium cyanide and nitric acidb. Ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxidec.
Morphine has the formula C17H19NO3. It is a base and accepts one proton per molecule. It is isolated from opium. A 0.682-g sample of opium is found to require 8.92 mL of a 0.0116 M solution of
The pH of a 1.00 M solution of urea, a weak organic base, is 7.050. Calculate the Ka of protonated urea.
A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.10 mol of acetic acid and 0.10 mol of ammonium chloride in enough water to make 1.0 L of solution. Find the concentration of ammonia in the solution.
Lactic acid is a weak acid found in milk. Its calcium salt is a source of calcium for growing animals. A saturated solution of this salt, which we can represent as Ca(Lact)2, has a [Ca2+] = 0.26 M
A solution of 0.23 mol of the chloride salt of protonated quinine (QH+), a weak organic base, in 1.0 L of solution has pH = 4.58. Find the Kb of quinine (Q).
A student mistakenly calculates the pH of a 1.0 * 10-7 M HI solution to be 7.0. Explain why the student is incorrect and calculate the correct pH.
When 2.55 g of an unknown weak acid (HA) with a molar mass of 85.0 g/mol is dissolved in 250.0 g of water, the freezing point of the resulting solution is - 0.257 °C. Calculate Ka for the unknown
Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.00115 M in HCl and 0.0100 M in HClO2.
To what volume should you dilute 1 L of a solution of a weak acid HA to reduce the [H+] to one-half of that in the original solution?
HA, a weak acid, with Ka = 1.0 * 10-8, also forms the ion HA2–. The reaction is HA(aq) + A–(aq) ⇌ HA2–(aq) and its K = 4.0. Calculate the [H+], [A–], and [HA2–] in a 1.0 M solution of HA.
Basicity in the gas phase can be defined as the proton affinity of the base, for example, CH3NH2(g) + H+(g) ⇌ CH3NH3 +(g). In the gas phase, (CH3)3N is more basic than CH3NH2, while in solution the
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared from 0.200 mol of NH4CN and enough water to make 1.00 L of solution.

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