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general chemistry principles

Questions and Answers of General Chemistry Principles

Would hydration of (E)-but-2-ene yield exclusively (R)-butan-2-ol, (S)-butan-2-ol, or a mixture of the (R) and (S) enantiomers? Explain.
For each of the following reactions, predict the products and the mechanisms by which the products are formed. (b) Br (a) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂Br + (CH3)3CO-Na+ CH3CHCH3 +
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that is described and then classify the reaction as a substitution, an elimination, an addition, or a rearrangement reaction:(a) Ethene and Br2
Apply the ideas discussed above to the bromination of cyclopentene. What is the product obtained in this reaction? Specify stereochemistry, if relevant.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that is described and then classify the reaction as a substitution, an elimination, an addition, or a rearrangement reaction.(a)
(A) Predict the major product(s) of the mononitration of benzaldehyde, C6H5CHO.(B) Predict the major product(s) of the mononitration of 1,3-dichlorobenzene.
In the chlorination of methane, small amounts of chloroethane will also be produced. Suggest how the formation of chloroethane might occur.
Predict the products of the mononitration of ОН NO₂
Write equations for the substitution reaction of 1-bromobutane, a typical primary haloalkane, with the following reagents: (a) NaOH; (b) NH3; (c) NaCN;(d) CH3CH2ONa.
(A) How could cyclohexa-1,3-diene be synthesized from cyclohexane?(B) How could the compound at right be prepared from benzene by using electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions discussed in this
What is the major product obtained in the bromination of (CH3)2CHCH2CH3?
Answer the following questions for this SN2 reaction:(a) What is the rate expression for the reaction?(b) Draw the reaction profile for the reaction. Label all parts. Assume that the products are
Write equations for the substitution reaction of 1-bromo-3-methylbutane, a primary haloalkane, with the following reagents: (a) NaN3; (b) CH3CH2ONa;(c) CH3C‚CNa;(d) CH3CH2SNa; (e) CH3COONa.
Answer the following questions for this SN1 reaction:(a) What is the rate expression for the reaction?(b) Draw the reaction profile for the reaction. Label all parts. Assume that the products are
Answer the following questions for this E2 reaction:(a) What is the rate expression for the reaction?(b) Draw the reaction profile for the reaction. Label all parts. Assume that the products are
Identify the nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group in each of the following substitution reactions. Predict whether equilibrium favors the reactants or products:(a)(b) CH3CH₂ONa+
Answer the following questions for this E1 reaction:(a) What is the rate expression for the reaction?(b) Draw the reaction profile for the reaction. Label all parts. Assume that the products are
Identify the nucleophile, electrophile, and leaving group in each of the following substitution reactions. Predict whether equilibrium favors the reactants or products:(a)(b) CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂ +
Molecule (a) Below reacts faster in the SN1 reaction than does molecule (b) Explain this observation. Draw chair structures for the two molecules. (a) Br (b) Br
Molecule (a) Below reacts faster in the SN2 reaction than does molecule (b) Explain this observation. Draw chair structures for the most stable conformations of the two molecules.
A sample of (S)-CH3CH2CH(CH3)Cl is hydrolyzed by water, and the resulting solution is optically inactive.(a) Write the formula of the product. (b) By which nucleophilic substitution reaction
Give the major products obtained in each of the following reactions and indicate which mechanisms are involved:(a)(b)(c) CH₂Cl H + KOC(CH3)3 (CH3)3COH
A sample of (R)-CH3CH2CH(CH3)Cl reacts with CH3O– in dimethyl sulfoxide, (CH3)2SO, a convenient solvent for organic reactions. The resulting solution is optically active. (a) Write the formula of
Give the major products obtained in each of the following reactions and indicate which mechanisms are involved:(a)(b)(c) Br + NaNH, NH3(1)
A sample of (S)-CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3 is dissolved in ethanol, and the resulting solution is optically inactive.(a) Write the formula of the product. (b) By which mechanism does this nucleophilic
Predict the major organic product obtained in each of the following reactions. Assume that [O] represents Na2Cr2O7 in H2SO4:(a)(b)(c)(d) (CH3)2CHCH₂OH + HBr
A sample of (R)-2-iodobutane, (R)-CH3CH2CH(I)CH3, reacts with KCN in aqueous medium, and the resulting solution is optically active. (a) Write the formula of the product. (b) By which mechanism
Explain how you could carry out the following conversion. Write a mechanism for the reaction: OH Br
Explain how you could carry out the following conversion. Write a mechanism for the reaction: -ОН
Carbocation rearrangements occur in some substitution and elimination reactions. What elimination product would you expect in the following reaction if no rearrangement of the carbocation occurs?
Give the structures of the main organic product(s) in each of the following reactions.(a) (b)(c) + Br₂ CC14
The molecule in the next column is 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol, a primary alcohol. Because no H atoms are bonded to the β carbon atom in this molecule, dehydration seems unlikely. However, when
Draw the structures of the products of each of the following reactions:(a) Propene + hydrogen (Pt, heat);(b) Butan-2-ol + heat (in the presence of sulfuric acid).
Give the structure of the main organic product(s) in each of the following reactions:(a)(b)(c) (E)-but-2-ene + HBr
Predict the product(s) of the reaction of:(a) HCl with 2-chloroprop-1-ene;(b) HCN with CH3CH = CH2;(c) HCl with CH3CH = C(CH3)2.
Give the major product that forms when (Z)-3-methylpent-2-ene reacts with each of the following reagents: (a) HI; (b) H2 in the presence of a platinum catalyst; (c) H2O in H2SO4;(d) Br2 in CCl4.
Sketch the reaction profile for the mechanism depicted in Figure 27-21, by assuming the overall reaction is exothermic. Also, experimental evidence suggests that the activation energy for the first
Give the major product that forms when 1-ethylcyclohex-1-ene reacts with each of the following reagents:(a) HI; (b) H2 in the presence of a platinum catalyst;(c) H2O in H2SO4; (d) Br2 in CCl4.
The chlorination of benzene can be carried out by allowing benzene to react with Cl2 in the presence of AlCl3. Cl2 and AlCl3 react to form Cl+AlCl4–. Sketch the reaction profile for the reaction
Alkylation of benzene can be accomplished by treating benzene with haloalkane (RX) in the presence of AlCl3. The reaction is known as a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction. (The reaction is named
Treating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid yields benzenesulfonic acid, which is formed by the following reaction:The SO3 that participates in the reaction above is formed by the reaction of sulfuric
Predict the main product(s) of (a) The mononitration of benzoic acid; (b) The monosulfonation of phenol;(c) The monobromination of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. COOH Benzoic
Predict the main product(s) of (a) The mononitration of chlorobenzene; (b) The monosulfonation of nitrobenzene; (c) The monochlorination of 1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene.
What is major product expected from the monobromination of 2,2,3-trimethylpentane?
What are the major products expected from the monobromination of methylcyclohexane? What about monochlorination?
(a) Write the initiation, propagation, and termination steps involved in the monofluorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane to give 1-fluoro-2,3-dimethylbutane.(b) Explain why in the monofluorination of
Write the initiation, propagation, and termination steps involved in the monobromination of 2,3-dimethylbutane to give 2-bromo-2,3-dimethylbutane.
In referring to the molecular mass of a polymer, we can speak only of the average molecular mass. Explain why the molecular mass of a polymer is not a unique quantity, as it is for a substance like
Nylon 66 is produced by the reaction of hexane-1,6-diamine with adipic acid, HOOC(CH2)4COOH. A different nylon polymer is obtained if sebacoyl chloride is substituted for the adipic acid. What is the
Explain why Dacron is called a polyester. What is the percent oxygen, by mass, in Dacron?
Would you expect a polymer to be formed by the reaction of terephthalic acid with ethyl alcohol in place of ethylene glycol? With glycerol in place of ethylene glycol? Explain.
Starting with acetylene as the only source of carbon, together with any inorganic reagents required, devise a method to synthesize acetaldehyde.
Starting with acetylene as the only source of carbon, together with any inorganic reagents required, devise a method to synthesize 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane.
How would you synthesize (E)- and (Z)-hept-3-ene from acetylene and any other chemicals?
How would you synthesize (R)-butan-2-amine from (S)-butan-2-ol?
The azide anion is a nucleophile and when attached to a carbon atom, undergoes reduction to the amino group and free nitrogen. Suggest a method of preparation of the primary amine propanamine.
The cyanide anion is a nucleophile and when attached to a carbon atom, is reduced to a primary amine. Suggest a method of preparing propanamine from chloroethane.
Draw a structure to represent the principal product of each of the following reactions:(a) Pentan-1-ol + dichromate ion (acid solution);(b) Butyric acid ethanol (acid solution);(c) 2-methylbut-1-ene
Predict the products of the monobromination of (a) M-dinitrobenzene; (b) Aniline; (c) P-bromoanisole.
Which of the following species gives the reaction indicated? Write the structures of the reaction products.(a) Reacts with dilute HCl;(b) Hydrolyzes;(c) Neutralizes dilute NaOH. (1) CH3CH₂C-OCH3
Write the formulas of the products formed from the reaction of propene with each of the following substances: (a) H2 with Pt catalyst; (b) Cl2;(c) HCl;(d) H2O (in acid).
Write the formulas of the products formed from the reaction of but-2-ene with each of the following substances: (a) H2 with Pt catalyst; (b) Cl2;(c) HCl;(d) H2O (in acid).
Which of the following species gives the reaction indicated? Write the structures of the reaction products.(a) Neutralizes dilute HCl;(b) Hydrolyzes;(c) Neutralizes dilute NaOH. O (1)
Write the formulas of the products expected to form in the following situations. If no reaction occurs, write N.R.(a) (b)(c)(d) NH(aq) + HCl(aq)
Write the formulas of the products expected to form in the following situations. If no reaction occurs, write N.R.(a) CH3CH2NH2(aq) + HCl(aq) →(b) (CH3)3N(aq) + HBr(aq) →(c) CH3CH2NH3 + (aq) +
To prepare butan-2-one, which of these compounds would you oxidize: propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, or 2-methylpropan-2-ol? Explain.
Match the following compounds with the chemical properties given below. Write the structure of the products of the reactions described in (a) to (e).(a) Is easily oxidized;(b) Neutralizes
Indicate the principal product(s) you would expect in (a) Treating CH3CH2CH = CH2 with dilute H2SO4(aq);(b) Exposing a mixture of chlorine and propane gases to ultraviolet light; (c) Heating a
Match the following compounds with the chemical properties given below. Write the structure of the products of the reactions described in (a) to (e).(a) Neutralizes HCl(aq);(b) Neutralizes
Write the structures of the isomers you would expect to obtain in the mononitration of m-methoxybenzaldehyde: CHO OCH₂
In the chlorination of CH4, some CH3CH2Cl is obtained as a product. Explain why this should be so.
The three isomeric tribromobenzenes, I, II, and III, when nitrated, form three, two, and one mononitrotribromobenzenes, respectively. Assign correct structures to I, II, and III.
For the monochlorination of hydrocarbons, the following ratio of reactivities has been found: 3° > 2°> 1°, 4.3 : 3 : 1. How many different monochloro derivatives of 2-methylbutane are
Write the name and structure of the benzene derivatives described below.(a) Formula: C8H10; forms three monochlorination products when treated with Cl2 and FeCl3;(b) Formula: C9H12; forms one
The cyanide anion is a nucleophile and, when attached to a carbon atom, undergoes hydrolysis under basic conditions to the carboxylate anion. Suggest a method of preparing sodium butanoate from
The iodide ion cannot displace the —OH group in ethanol, but excess HI will react to produce ethyl iodide. Explain.
Predict and name the product(s) obtained from the following reaction. Write out the mechanism for the reaction and use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons. (CH3)2CHCH=CH2 H₂SO4, H₂O
Starting with the compounds chloromethane, chloroethane, sodium azide, sodium cyanide, and a reducing agent, suggest how the following compounds could be synthesized.(a) N-methylpropanamide;(b) Ethyl
Predict and name the product(s) obtained from the following reaction. Write out the mechanism for the reaction and use curved arrows to show the movement of electrons.
Starting with benzene and methane, and suitable inorganic reagents, suggest how the following compound might be synthesized. See Exercise 37 for a description of how an alkyl group can be added to
The reduction of aldehydes and ketones with a suitable hydride-containing reducing agent is a good way of synthesizing alcohols. This approach would be even more effective if, instead of a hydride,
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) Nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic aromatic substitution; (b) Addition and elimination;(c) SN1 and SN2;(d) E1 and E2.
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) Base and nucleophile; (b) Carbon and β carbon; (c) Polar protic solvent and polar aprotic solvent;(d) Carbocation and radical.
(a) Which of the nucleophiles CN– or Cl– reacts faster with CH3CH2I in an SN2 reaction?(b) Which of the substrates, CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2I or CH3I, reacts faster with OH– in an SN2 reaction?
Which of the following reactions would give a better yield of CH3OCH(CH3)2? Explain. CH3ONa+ (CH3)2CHI (CH3)2CHONa+ CH3I CH3OCH(CH3)2 CH3OCH(CH3)2 + Nal + Nal
Which of the following is the strongest nucleophile for an SN2 reaction? (a) H2O;(b) CH3CH2OH;(c) CH3CH2O–;(d) CH3CO2–;(e) CH3S–.
What is the major elimination product obtained in the following reactions?(a)(b) Br NaOC(CH₂CH3)3 HOC(CH₂CH3)3
What is the major organic product obtained in the following reactions?(a)(b)(c)(d)(e) + Br₂ light
When (CH3CH2)3CBr is added to CH3OH at room temperature, the major product is CH3O(CH2CH3)3 and a minor product is CH3CH = C(CH2CH3)2. Write out the mechanisms for the reactions leading to these
In an experiment, 0.1 moles of M, a group 1 metal, react with sufficient oxygen to give 0.05 moles of compound X. Compound X is then allowed to react with water, and a hydroxide is the only product.
Use information from the chapter to write chemical equations to represent each of the following:(a) Reaction of rubidium metal with water (b) Thermal decomposition of aqueous KHCO3(c) Combustion of
(A) Sodium nitrite (0.1 mol) reacts with sodium metal (0.3 mol) to give compound X (0.2 mol) and nitrogen gas (0.05 mol). Compound X (0.1 mol) reacts with oxygen (0.05 mol) to give compound Y (0.1
Why, on going from monomeric BeCl2 to dimeric (BeCl2)2 to polymeric (BeCl2)n, does the atomic arrangement around the beryllium change from linear to trigonal planar to tetrahedral?
(A) Write chemical equations for the reactions that occur when NaCN is dissolved in water and when Al(NO3)3 is dissolved in water. Then, use data from Appendix D to explain why a precipitate of
Using Figure 21-19, write chemical equations for the successive conversions of borax to (a) Boric acid, (b) B2O3, and (c) Impure boron metal.Figure 21-19 BF3 Na₂B4O7-10 H₂O H₂SO4 A CaF₂,
(A) Using Figure 21-19, write chemical equations for the sequence of reactions by which borax is converted to diborane.(B) Using Figure 21-19, write chemical equations for the sequence of reactions
Describe a simple test for determining whether a pure white solid is LiCl or KCl.
The good reducing properties of magnesium are illustrated by the fact that the metal burns in an atmosphere of pure carbon dioxide. Write a plausible equation(s) for this reaction.
Describe two methods for determining the identity of an unknown compound that is either Li2CO3 or K2CO3.
Comment on the statement “The best way to way to prepare BeO is to heat the compound BeCO3(s).” If you disagree with this statement suggest an alternative.

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