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general chemistry principles

Questions and Answers of General Chemistry Principles

Give the isomers of the esters having the molecular formula C5H10O2.
Give the isomers of the esters having the molecular formula C4H8O2.
Give the noncyclic isomers with molecular formula C4H8O2 that contain more than one functional group.
Give an acceptable name for each of the following. CH3 CH₂ CH3 (a) CH₂CHCH₂CHCH₂CHCH₂CH3 (b) CH₂CH₂CH₂CHCH₂CH CH3 CH3 CH3 (c) CH3-C-CI CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 (d)
Give the isomers with molecular formula C5H10O2 that contain more than one functional group.
Give an acceptable name for each of the following. (a) Cl (c) NH, Cl (b) CH3 -COOH NO₂
Give an acceptable name for each of the following structures. (a) CH3CH₂C(CH3)3 (b) (CH3)2C CH₂ (c) CH,—CH–CH–CH3 CH₂ (d) CH3C=CCH(CH3)2 (e) CH₂CH(C₂H5)CH(CH3)CH₂CH3 (f)
Draw a condensed structure to correspond to each of the following names.(a) Methylbutane; (b) Cyclohexene;(c) 2-methyl-3-hexyne; (d) 2-butanol;(e) Ethyl isopropyl ether; (f) Propanal.
Indicate why each of these names is incorrect, and give a correct name.(a) 3-pentene; (b) Pentadiene; (c) 1-propanone;(d) Bromopropane; (e) 2,6-dichlorobenzene;(f) 2-methyl-3-pentyne.
Does each of the following names convey sufficient information to suggest a specific structure? Explain.(a) Pentene; (b) Butanone; (c) Butyl alcohol;(d) Methylaniline; (e) Methylcyclopentane;(f)
Supply condensed structural formulas for the following substances.(a) 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT—an explosive);(b) Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen);(c) 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic
Supply condensed structural formulas for the following substances.(a) o-tert-butylphenol (an antioxidant in aviation gasoline);(b) 1-phenylpropan-2-amine (benzedrine—an amphetamine, ingredient in
Classify the carbon atoms in (a) Methylbutane, (b) 2,2-dimethylpropane as methyl, primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°), or quaternary (4°).
Classify the carbon atoms in (a) 2,4-dimethylpentane,(b) Ethylcyclobutane as methyl, primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°), or quaternary (4°).
Draw Newman projections for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of pentane for rotation about the C2—C3 bond. Which conformation is lowest in energy?
Draw the most stable conformation for the molecule below: Br Ma Br Br
Draw Newman projections for the staggered and eclipsed conformations of 2-methylpentane for rotation about the C2—C3 bond. Which conformation is lowest in energy?
Draw the most stable conformation for the molecule below: Br Br Br
For each of the following substituted cyclohexanes, draw the two possible chair conformations, label each substituent as axial or equatorial, and identify the more stable conformer.(a)
For each of the following substituted cyclohexanes, draw the two possible chair conformations, label each substituent as axial or equatorial, and identify the more stable conformer.(a)
Why is it not necessary to refer to ethene and propene as eth-1-ene and prop-1-ene? Can the same be said for butene?
Assign a configuration (E or Z) to each of the following molecules. (a) (b) CI (c) Br CI -ОН Br CH₂Br (d) (e) Br -CI 0
Alkenes (olefins) and cyclic alkanes (alicyclics) each have the generic formula CnH2n. In what important ways do these types of compounds differ structurally?
Assign a configuration (E or Z) to each of the following molecules. Br (a) COOH CI (b) F CI OH (c)
Supply a name or structural formula for each of the following.(a) (b) (c) phenylacetylene
Draw the E and Z isomers of (a) 2-chlororbut-2-ene;(b) 3-methylpent-2-ene.
For each pair of structures shown below, indicate whether the two species are identical molecules, enantiomers, or isomers of some other sort.(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f) CI Cl CH3 H and H CH3 Cl Cl
Supply a name or structural formula for each of the following.(a)(b)(c) p-phenylphenol
Draw the E and Z isomers of (a) 3-methylhex-3-ene;(b) 3-fluoro-2-methylhex-3-ene.
Which of the following pairs of molecules are constitutional isomers and which are not? Explain.(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f) CH3CH₂CH₂CH3 and CH3CH=CHCH3
Draw suitable structural formulas to show that there are four constitutional isomers of C3H6Cl2.
For each pair of structures shown below, indicate whether the two species are identical molecules, enantiomers, or isomers of some other sort.(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f) CH₂CH2 Br 'H CH3 H Br CH₂CH3 CH3
Name the following molecules with the appropriate stereochemical designation.(a)(b)(c)(d) CH3 CH3 CH Br C H CH₂CH3
Name the following molecules with the appropriate stereochemical designation.(a)(b)(c)(d) CH3CH₂CH₂ OH C H CH3
Name the following molecules with the appropriate stereochemical designation.(a)(b)(c)(d)
Name the following molecules with the appropriate stereochemical designation.(a)(b)(c)(d) CI- -CI
Draw the structure for each of the following.(a) (Z)-1,3,5-tribromopent-2-ene (b) (E)-1,2-dibromo-3-methylhex-2-ene (c) (S)-1-bromo-1-chlorobutane (d) (R)-1,3-dibromohexane (e)
Draw the structure for each of the following.(a) (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane (b) (E)-2-bromopent-2-ene (c) (Z))-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene (d) (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid (e) (S)-2-aminopropanoate
Consider the following molecular formulas. How many elements of unsaturation are there in each case?(a) C4H11N;(b) C4H6O;(c) C9H15ClO.
How many elements of unsaturation are there in the molecule below? What is the molecular formula? H₂N
Consider the following molecular formulas. How many elements of unsaturation are there in each case?(a) C5H9NO(b) C5H8O3;(c) C5H9ClO.
How many elements of unsaturation are there in the molecule below? What is the molecular formula? Br CN
Match the following compounds with the chemical properties in the next column. Write a chemical equation for the reactions described in (a)-(d).(a) Is easily oxidized;(b) Decolorizes bromine
Match the following compounds with the chemical properties given below. Write a chemical equation for the reactions described in (a)-(d).(a) Forms an ester with ethanol (b) Absorbs H2 in the
Draw as many structural isomers as you can for cyclic ethers (no —OH groups) having the formula C4H6O. Try to draw at least six. (There are more than six.)
Draw as many structural isomers as you can for cyclic alcohols having the formula C4H6O. Try to draw at least five. (There are more than five.)
Draw structural formulas for all the isomers listed in Table 26.3, and show that, indeed, the substances with more compact structures have lower boiling points.Table 26.3 TABLE 26.3 Boiling Points of
Supply condensed or structural formulas for the following substances.(a) Cycloocta-1,5-diene (an intermediate in the manufacture of resins)(b) 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol
Use the half-reaction method to balance the following redox equations.(a)(b)(c) C6H5NO₂+ Fe + H+ C6H5NH3 + Fe³+ + H₂O
By drawing suitable structural formulas, establish that there are 17 isomers of C6H13Cl. Refer to Example 26-1.Example 26-1Write structural formulas for all the constitutional isomers with the
The symbol:is often used to represent benzene. It is also the structural formula of cyclohexatriene. Are benzene and cyclohexatriene the same substance? Explain.
A 10.6 g sample of benzaldehyde was allowed to react with 5.9 g KMnO4 in an excess of KOH(aq). After filtration of the MnO2(s) and acidification of the solution, 6.1 g of benzoic acid was isolated.
Combustion of a 0.1908 g sample of a compound gave 0.2895 g CO2 and 0.1192 g H2O. Combustion of a second sample weighing 0.1825 g yielded 40.2 mL of N2(g), collected over 50% KOH(aq) (vapor pressure
Draw and name all derivatives of benzene having the formula (a) C8H10;(b) C9H12.
In the monochlorination of hydrocarbons, a hydrogen atom is replaced by a chlorine atom. How many different monochloro derivatives of 2-methylbutane are possible?
A particular colorless organic liquid is known to be one of the following compounds: butan-1-ol diethyl ether, methyl propyl ether, butyraldehyde, or propionic acid. Can you identify which it is,
Give the systematic names, including any stereochemical designations, for each of the following.(a) (b)(c)(d)(e) CH3-CH-CH₂-CH-CH3 CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH3 CI
Write structural formulas for the following.(a) 2,4-dimethylpenta-1,4-diene (b) 2,3-dimethylpentane (c) 1,2,4-tribromobenzene (d) Methyl ethanoate (e) Butanone.
Write structural formulas for all the isomers of C4H7Cl. Indicate any enantiomers or diastereomers that occur.
Levomethadyl acetate (shown below) is used in the treatment of narcotic addiction.(a) Name the functional groups in levomethadyl acetate. (b) What is the hybridization of the numbered carbon atoms
Compound A is an alcohol of formula C5H12O that can be resolved into enantiomers.(a) Draw three possible structures of compound A.(b) Treatment of A with CrO3/pyridine gives compound B, which also
Thiamphenicol (shown below) is an antibacterial agent.(a) Name the functional groups of thiamphenicol.(b) What is the hybridization of the numbered carbon atoms and the nitrogen atom?(c) Which, if
Ephedrine (shown below) is used as a decongestant in cold remedies.(a) Name the functional groups of ephedrine. (b) What is the hybridization of the numbered carbon atoms and the nitrogen atom? (c)
For each of the following molecules, determine the hybridization of each carbon atom, the total number of carbon–carbon bonds and the total number of carbon–carbon π bonds. Also, among the
Determine the configuration, R or S, of each chiral carbon atom in the molecules that follow. (Ph represents a phenyl group.) (а) HO. H H CI CH3 CH3 Ci Н M H ОН (b) Н HO Ph -ОН H Ph
A structural formula for cholesterol is shown below. How many chiral carbon atoms are there in the cholesterol molecule? What is the configuration, R or S, of the carbon atom bonded to the —OH
Organic chemists use a variety of methods to help them identify the functional groups in a molecule. In this chapter, we mentioned a few simple chemical ways to test for alkenes, alcohols, carboxylic
Among all ethers with the formula C4H6O, draw structures for (a) Two ethers with two sp2 and two sp3 carbon atoms, (b) An ether with four sp2 carbon atoms, (c) An ether with two sp and two sp3
For each of the following molecules (a) Draw the two chair conformations and specify which conformation is more stable; (b) Determine the number of chiral carbon atoms and for each chiral carbon,
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) Alkane and alkene; (b) Aliphatic and aromatic compound; (c) Alcohol and phenol;(d) Ether and ester; (e) Amine and ammonia.
Describe the characteristics of each of the following types of isomers: (a) Constitutional; (b) Stereoisomer;(c) Cis; (d) Ortho.
The compound isoheptane is best represented by the formula (a) C7H14;(b) CH3(CH2)5CH3;(c) (CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH3; (d) C6H11CH3.
A compound with the same hydrogen-to-carbon ratio as cyclobutane is (a) C4H10;(b) CH3CH = CHCH3;(c) CH3C ≡ CCH3;(d) C6H6.
Give names for the following molecules.(a)(b)(c) (CH3)2CBRCH₂CHCICH₂CH(CH3)2
Consider the following pairs of structures. In each case, are the structures different conformers or are they isomers? If they are isomers, then state whether they are constitutional isomers,
Three isomers exist of the hydrocarbon (a) C3H8;(b) C4H8;(c) C4H10;(d) C6H6;(e) C5H12.
Assign configurations, R or S, to the chiral carbons in the molecules below. Then identify (a) Any two identical structures; (b) Any two constitutional isomers;(c) Any two diastereomers; (d) A
Draw a Newman projection for the conformation of lowest energy for viewing 2-methylhexane along the C2—C3 bond.
To prepare methyl ethyl ketone, one should oxidize (a) Propan-2-ol; (b) Butan-1-ol; (c) Butan-2-ol;(d) Tert-butyl alcohol.
Which hydrocarbon has the greater number of isomers, C4H8 or C4H10? Explain your choice.
For each of the following pairs, indicate which substance has (a) The higher boiling point, C6H12 or C2H4(b) The greater solubility in water, C3H7OH or C7H15OH (c) The greater acidity in aqueous
Draw the structures of (a) (E)-3-benzyl-2,5-dichloro-4-methylhex-3-ene;(b) 1-nitro-4-vinylbenzene The vinyl group is H2C = CH–;(c) Trans-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylcyclohexane.
The female of a species of worm produces the sex attractant spodoptol, which has the following structure.Spodoptol is a pheromone that attracts the male worms of the species. Synthetic spodoptol in
Are the following solvents protic or aprotic acetonitrile, CH3CN; ammonia, NH3; trimethylamine, (CH3)3N; formamide, HCONH2; acetone, CH3COCH3.
State whether each of the following reactions is a substitution, an addition, an elimination, or a rearrangement reaction. (In the equations below, H+ and Pd are catalysts.) (a) (CH3)2CHCONa+
Describe what is meant by each of the following reaction types, and illustrate with an example: (a) Nucleophilic substitution reaction; (b) Electrophilic substitution reaction; (c) Addition
(A) Classify the following reactions as substitution, addition, elimination, or rearrangement reactions.(B) Classify each of the following reactions as a substitution, an addition, an elimination, or
One product in the reaction of (CH3)3CBr and NaCH3CH2O in ethanol is an alkene. What is the other product and by what mechanism is it formed?
It is important to be able to distinguish when an electron pair donor in a reaction is acting as a base or as a nucleophile. The following reactions are elementary reactions. In each case, determine
Describe what is meant by each of the following reaction types, and illustrate with an example from the text: (a) Dehydration; (b) Hydrolysis; (c) Solvolysis;(d) Hydration of an alkene.
Draw the structure of the transition state for the second step shown in Figure 27-14.Figure 27-14 CH3CH₂- OH + H Strong nucleophile CH₂- H H α H H + a carbon is 1° -H CH3CH₂ SN2 H + -H +
Identify the following types of reactions.(a)(b)(c) Cl + CH₂S¯ x S.
(A) In each of the following reactions, determine whether the electron pair donor is acting as a Brønsted–Lowry base or a nucleophile. Identify the acid, electrophile, and leaving group, as
(A) Predict whether the following reactions will take place, and suggest the likely mechanism:(a) CH3CC− + CH3Br →(b) Cl− + CH3CH2CN →(c) CH3NH2 + (CH3)3CCl →(B) From the following
Consider the following combinations of reactants. In each case, predict whether a substitution reaction will occur. If so, identify the products and suggest the likely mechanism.(a) CN– +
Identify the following types of reactions.(a)(b)(c)(d) HZ +
What are the major and minor products obtained in the reaction of (E)-3-methylpent-2-ene and HBr?
Does the substitution reaction below follow an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism? What are the products? Write the steps of the mechanism and use arrows to show the movement of electrons. Br +
(A) Predict whether the substitution product obtained in the reaction below follows an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. Show all steps in the mechanism, using arrows to indicate the movement of electrons.
(A) For the following reaction, predict the major product and the mechanism by which it is formed:(B) Predict the substitution and elimination products that are possible in the following reaction.

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