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General Chemistry Principles And Modern Applications 11th Edition Ralph Petrucci, Jeffry Madura, F. Herring, Carey Bissonnette - Solutions
How many different structures are possible for each of the following complex ions?(a) [Co(H2O)(NH3)5]3+(b) [Co(H2O)2(NH3)4]3+(c) [Co(H2O)3(NH3)3]3+(d) [Co(H2O)4(NH3)2]3+.
Indicate what type of isomerism may be found in each of the following cases. If no isomerism is possible, so indicate.(a) [Zn(NH3)4][CuCl4](b) [Fe(CN)5SCN]4–(c) [NiCl(NH3)5]+(d) [PtBrCl2(py)]–(e) [Cr(NH3)3(OH)3]–.
Indicate what type of isomerism may be found in each of the following cases. If no isomerism is possible, so indicate.(a) [CrBr2(en)2]+(b) [CoBr(ox)2(SCN)]3–(c) [NiCl4(en)]2–(d) [PtBrCl(ox)]–(e) [Cr(Cl)3(det)], det is H2N(CH2)2NH(CH2)2NH2.
Of the complex ions [Co(H2O)6]3+ and [Co(en)3]3+, one has a yellow color in aqueous solution; the other, blue. Match each ion with its expected color, and state your reason for doing so.
(A) Write a nuclear equation to represent β– particle emission by 24194Pu.(B) Write a nuclear equation to represent the decay of a radioactive nucleus to produce 58Ni and a positron.
On April 26, 1986, an explosion at the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine, released the greatest quantity of radioactive material ever associated with an industrial accident. (See the photo and discussion on pages 1190–1192.) One of the radioisotopes in this emission was 131I, a β–
Which type(s) of radioactive decay transform(s) the nucleus of an atom to that of a different element, and which type(s) do not?
What nucleus is obtained in each process?(a) 5526Fe decays by β– emission.(b) 23892U decays by α emission.(c) 22286Rn decays by two successive α emissions.(d) 6429Cu decays by two successive β– emissions.
Write nuclear equations to represent (a) α-particle emission by 222Rn and (b) Radioactive decay of bismuth-215 to polonium-215.
If A, B, C, and D are four different ligands, (a) How many geometric isomers will be found for square-planar [PtABCD]2+?(b) Will tetrahedral [ZnABCD]2+ display optical isomerism?
Write the names and formulas of three coordination isomers of [Co(en)3][Cr(ox)3].
Draw a structure for cis-dichloridobis(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) ion. Is this ion chiral? Is the trans isomer chiral? Explain.
Which of the following nuclides would you expect to be stable, and which radioactive? (a) 82As;(b) 118Sn;(c) 214Po.
(A) Write a nuclear equation for the production of 147Eu by bombardment of 139La with 12C.(B) Write a nuclear equation for the production of 124I by bombardment of 121Sb with α particles. Also, write an equation for the subsequent decay of 124I by positron emission.
Explain why francium, the heaviest of the alkali metals (group 1), is not found in minerals containing the other alkali metals and is also one of the rarest elements.
(A) 131I is a β– emitter used as a tracer for radioimmunoassays in biological systems. Use information in Table 25.1 to determine (a) The decay constant in s–1; (b) The activity of a 2.05 mg sample of 131I;(c) The percentage of 131I remaining after 16 days; (d) The rate of β– emission
What nucleus is obtained in each process?(a) 21482Pb decays through two successive β– emissions.(b) 22688Ra decays through three successive α emissions.(c) 6933As decays by β+ emission.
Write a nuclear equation for the production of 56Mn by bombardment of 59Co with neutrons.
The phosphorus isotope 32P is used in biochemical studies to determine the pathways of phosphorus atoms in living organisms. Its presence is detected through its emission of β– particles. (a) What is the decay constant for 32P, expressed in the unit s–1? (b) What is the activity of a 1.00 mg
Why are radioactive nuclides with intermediate half-lives generally more hazardous than those with either extremely short or extremely long half-lives?
Based on a favorable N:Z ratio for the product nucleus, write the most plausible equation for the decay of 146C.
(A) What is the age of a mummy, given a 14C activity of 8.5 dis min–1 g–1?(B) What should be the current activity, in dis min–1 g–1, of a wooden object believed to be 1100 years old?
What proton number is found in a greater number of isotopes than any other proton number? What is the corresponding situation for neutron numbers?
What is the energy, in joules and in megaelectronvolts, associated with the decay of 238U?The nuclidic (atomic) masses in atomic mass units (u) are from Table D.5 in Appendix D: 233 U 92 234Th + He
Write a plausible equation for the decay of tritium, 31H, the radioactive isotope of hydrogen.
A wooden object found in an ancient burial mound is subjected to radiocarbon dating. The activity associated with its 14C content is 10 dis min–1 g–1. What is the age of the object? In other words, how much time has elapsed since the tree from which the wood came was cut down?
The natural decay series starting with the radionuclide 23290Th follows the sequence represented here. Construct a graph of this series, similar to Figure 25-2.Figure 25-2 23%Th-a-β-β-ατατά 90 α-β βα α-β βά 208Pb 82
(A) What is the energy associated with the α decay of 146Sm (145.913053 u) to 142Nd (141.907719 u)? Use 4.002603 u as the mass of 4He.(B) The decay of 222Rn by α-particle emission is accompanied by a loss of 5.590 MeV of energy. What quantity of mass, in atomic mass units (u), is converted to
Of the radioactive nuclides among the following, which one is most likely to decay by β– emission, and which one by β+ emission: 44Ca, 57Cu, 100Zr, 235U? Explain.
The natural decay series starting with the radionuclide 23592U follows the sequence represented here. Construct a graph of this series, similar to Figure 25-2.Figure 25-2 23U-a-β-α 92 β· α -α-α-α-β α-β βά 207Pb 82
(A) Which of the following nuclides would you expect to be stable, and which radioactive?(a) 88Sr;(b) 118Cs;(c) 30S.(B) Write plausible nuclear equations to represent the radioactive decay of the fluorine isotopes 17F and 22F.
(A) 40K undergoes radioactive decay by electron capture to 40Ar and by β– emission to 40Ca. The fraction of the decay that occurs by electron capture is 0.110. The half-life of 40K is 1.26 x 109 years. Assuming that a rock in which 40K has undergone decay retains all the 40Ar produced, what
The uranium series described in Figure 25-2 is also known as the “4n + 2” series because the mass number of each nuclide in the series can be expressed by the equation A = 4n + 2, where n is an integer. Show that this equation is indeed applicable to the uranium series.Figure 25-2 Mass
Supply the missing information in each of the following nuclear equations representing a radioactive decay process.(a)(b)(c)(d) 160W Hf + ?
Just as the uranium series is called the “4n + 2” series, the thorium series can be called the “4n” series and the actinium series the “4n + 3” series. A “4n + 1” series has also been established, with 24194Pu as the parent nuclide. To which series does each of the following
Write equations for the following nuclear reactions.(a) Bombardment of 7Li with protons to produce 8Be and ɣ rays (b) Bombardment of 9Be with 21H to produce 10B (c) Bombardment of 14N with neutrons to produce 14C.
Write equations for the following nuclear reactions.(a) Bombardment of 238U with α particles to produce 239Pu (b) Bombardment of tritium (31H) with 21H to produce 4He (c) Bombardment of 33S with neutrons to produce 33P.
Write nuclear equations to represent the formation of an isotope of element 83 with a mass number of 218 by the bombardment of uranium-238 by hydrogen-2 nuclei, followed by a succession of five α-particle emissions.
Write nuclear equations to represent the formation of a hypothetical isotope of element 118 with a mass number of 293 by the bombardment of lead-208 by krypton-86 nuclei, followed by a chain of emissions to the element seaborgium.
Scientists from Dubna, Russia, observed the existence of elements 118 and 116 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research U400 cyclotron in 2005. This was the result of bombarding calcium-48 ions on a californium-249 target. Write a complete nuclear equation for this reaction.
The immediate decay product of element 118 is thought to be element 116. Write a complete nuclear equation for this reaction.
Element 120 is located in a region of the neutron versus proton map known as the island of stability. Write a nuclear equation for the generation of element 120 by bombarding iron isotopes on a plutonium target.
Of the radioactive nuclides in Table 25.1, (a) which one has the largest value for the decay constant, λ?(b) Which one loses 75% of its radioactivity in approximately one month?(c) Which ones lose more than 99% of their radioactivity in one month?Table 25.1 TABLE 25.1 Some
Another possible nuclear reaction leading to the formation of element 120 is between uranium-238 and nickel-64. Write a nuclear equation for this nuclear reaction.
In a comparison of two radioisotopes, isotope A requires 18.0 hours for its decay rate to fall to 1/16 its initial value, while isotope B has a half-life that is 2.5 times that of A. How long does it take for the decay rate of isotope B to decrease to 1/32 of its initial value?
The disintegration rate for a sample containing 10145Rh as the only radioactive nuclide is 4650 dis h–1. The half-life of 10145Rh is 3.30 years. Estimate the number of atoms of 10145Rh in the sample.
How many years must the radioactive sample of Exercise 21 be maintained before the disintegration rate falls to 101 dis min–1?Exercise 21The disintegration rate for a sample containing 10145Rh as the only radioactive nuclide is 4650 dis h–1. The half-life of 10145Rh is 3.30 years. Estimate the
A sample containing 22488Ra, which decays by α-particle emission, disintegrates at the following rate, expressed as disintegrations per minute or counts per minute (cpm): t = 0, 1000 cpm; t = 1 h, 992 cpm; t = 10 h, 924 cpm; t = 100 h, 452 cpm; t = 250 h, 138 cpm. What is the half-life of this
Iodine-129 is a product of nuclear fission, whether from an atomic bomb or a nuclear power plant. It is a β– emitter with a half-life of 1.7 x 107 years. How many disintegrations per second would occur in a sample containing 1.00 mg 129I?
Suppose that a sample containing 32P has an activity 1000 times the detectable limit. How long would an experiment have to be run with this sample before the radioactivity could no longer be detected?
What mass of carbon-14 must be present in a sample to have an activity of 1.00 mCi?
A wooden object is claimed to have been found in an Egyptian pyramid and is offered for sale to an art museum. Radiocarbon dating of the object reveals a disintegration rate of 10.0 dis min–1 g–1. Do you think the object is authentic? Explain.
The lowest level of 14C activity that seems possible for experimental detection is 0.03 dis min–1 g–1. What is the maximum age of an object that can be determined by the carbon-14 method?
What should be the mass ratio 208Pb/232Th in a meteorite that is approximately 2.7 x 109 years old? The half-life of 232Th is 1.40 x 1010 years. One 208Pb atom is the final decay product of one 232Th atom.
Concerning the decay of 232Th described in Exercise 29, a certain rock has a 208Pb/232Th mass ratio of 0.25/1.00. Estimate the age of the rock.Exercise 29What should be the mass ratio 208Pb/232Th in a meteorite that is approximately 2.7 x 109 years old? The half-life of 232Th is 1.40 x 1010 years.
A lunar rock was analyzed for argon by mass spectrometry and for potassium by atomic absorption. The results of these analyses showed that the sample contained 3.02 x 10-5 mL g-1 at STP of argon and 0.083% of potassium. The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.26 x 109 years. Calculate the age of the
What is the age of a piece of volcanic rock that has a mass ratio of argon-40 to potassium-40 of 1.9? The half-life of potassium-40 by β decay is 1.26 x 109 years and by electron capture, 1.4 x 109 years.
Use the electron mass from Table 2.1 and the measured mass of the nuclide 199F, 18.998403 u, to determine the binding energy per nucleon (in megaelectronvolts) of this atom.Table 2.1 TABLE 2.1 Properties of Three Fundamental Particles Electric Charge Proton Neutron Electron SI (C) +1.6022 x
Using appropriate equations in the text, determine (a) The energy in joules corresponding to the destruction of 6.02 x 10-23 g of matter;(b) The energy in megaelectronvolts that would be released if one particle were completely destroyed.
The measured mass of the nucleus of an atom of silver-107 is 106.879289 u. For this atom, determine the binding energy per nucleon in megaelectronvolts.
Explain why more energy is released in a fusion process than in a fission process.
Explain why the rem is more satisfactory than the rad as a unit for measuring radiation dosage.
Discuss briefly the basic difficulties in establishing the physiological effects of low-level radiation.
90Sr is both a product of radioactive fallout and a radioactive waste in a nuclear reactor. This radioisotope is a β– emitter with a half-life of 29.1 years. Suggest reasons why 90Sr is such a potentially hazardous substance.
222Rn is an α-particle emitter with a half-life of 3.823 days. Is it hazardous to be near a flask containing this isotope? Under what conditions might 222Rn be hazardous?
Describe how you might use radioactive materials to find a leak in the H2(g) supply line in an ammonia synthesis plant.
Explain why neutron activation analysis is so useful in identifying trace elements in a sample, in contrast to ordinary methods of quantitative analysis, such as precipitation or titration.
The following reactions are carried out with HCl(aq) containing some tritium (31H) as a tracer. Would you expect any of the tritium radioactivity to appear in the NH3(g)? In the H2O? Explain. NH₂(aq) + HCl(aq) →→→ NH4Cl(aq) NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H₂0(1) + NH3(g)
A small quantity of NaCl containing radioactive 2411Na is added to an aqueous solution of NaNO3. The solution is cooled, and NaNO3 is crystallized from the solution. Would you expect the NaNO3(s) to be radioactive? Explain.
In some cases, the most abundant isotope of an element can be established by rounding off the atomic mass to the nearest whole number, as in 39K, 85Rb, and 88Sr. But in other cases, the isotope corresponding to the rounded-off atomic mass does not even occur naturally, as in 64Cu. Explain the basis
The overall change in the radioactive decay of 23892U to 20682Pb is the emission of eight particles. Show that if this loss of eight particles were not also accompanied by six β– emissions, the product nucleus would still be radioactive.
Use data from the text to determine how many metric tons (1 metric ton = 1000 kg) of bituminous coal (85% C) would have to be burned to release as much energy as is produced by the fission of 1.00 kg 23592U.
One method of dating rocks is based on their 87Sr/87Rb ratio. 87Rb is a β– emitter with a half-life of 4.88 x 1010 years. A certain rock has a mass ratio 87Sr/87Rb of 0.004/1.00. What is the age of the rock?
How many millicuries of radioactivity are associated with a sample containing 5.10 mg 229Th, which has a half-life of 7.9 x 103 years?
What mass of 90Sr, with a half-life of 29.1 years, is required to produce 1.00 millicurie of radioactivity?
The percent natural abundance of 40K is 0.0117%. The radioactive decay of 40K atoms occurs 89% by β– emission; the rest is by electron capture and β+ emission. The half-life of 40K is 1.26 x 109 years. Calculate the number of β– particles produced per second by the 40K present in a 1.00 g
Calculate the minimum kinetic energy (in megaelectronvolts) that α particles must possess to produce the nuclear reactionThe nuclidic masses are 42He = 4.00260 u; 147N = 14.00307 u; 11H = 1.00783 u; 178O = 16.99913 u. He +¹N- 1¹0 + H
The carbon-14 dating method is based on the assumption that the rate of production of 14C by cosmic ray bombardment has remained constant for thousands of years and that the ratio of 14C to 12C has also remained constant. Can you think of any effects of human activities that could invalidate this
Hydrogen gas is spiked with tritium to the extent of 5.00% by mass. What is the activity in curies of a 4.65 L sample of this gas at 25.0 °C and 1.05 atm pressure? Use 3.02 u as the atomic mass of tritium and data from elsewhere in the text, as necessary.
An ester forms from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.This reaction is superficially similar to the reaction of an acid with a base such as sodium hydroxide. The mechanism of the reaction can be followed by using the tracer 18O. This isotope is not radioactive, but other physical measurements can be
A certain shale deposit containing 0.006% U by mass is being considered for use as a potential fuel in a breeder reactor. Assuming a density of 2.5 g/cm3, how much energy could be released from 1.00 x 103 cm3 of this material? Assume a fission energy of 3.20 x 10-11 J per fission event (that is,
The conversion of CO2 into carbohydrates by plants via photosynthesis can be represented by the reactionTo study the mechanism of photosynthesis, algae were grown in water containing 18O, that is, H218O. The oxygen evolved contained oxygen-18 in the same ratio to the other oxygen isotopes as the
Assume that when Earth formed, uranium-238 and uranium-235 were equally abundant. Their current percent natural abundances are 99.28% uranium-238 and 0.72% uranium-235. Given half-lives of 4.5 x 109 years for uranium-238 and 7.1 x 108 years for uranium-235, determine the age of Earth corresponding
The packing fraction of a nuclide is related to the fraction of the total mass of a nuclide that is converted to nuclear binding energy. It is defined as the fraction 1M - A2/A, where M is the actual nuclidic mass and A is the mass number. Use data from a handbook (such as the Handbook of Chemistry
For medical uses, radon-222 formed in the radioactive decay of radium-226 is allowed to collect over the radium metal. Then, the gas is withdrawn and sealed into a glass vial. Following this, the radium is allowed to disintegrate for another period, when a new sample of radon-222 can be withdrawn.
Radioactive decay and mass spectrometry are often used to date rocks after they have cooled from a magma. 87Rb has a half-life of 4.88 x 1010 years and follows the radioactive decayA rock was dated by assaying the product of this decay. The mass spectrum of a homogenized sample of rock showed the
In your own words, define the following symbols:(a) α;(b) β–;(c) β+;(d) ɣ;(e) t1/2.
Briefly describe each of the following ideas, phenomena, or methods: (a) Radioactive decay series;(b) Charged-particle accelerator; (c) Neutron-to-proton ratio;(d) Mass–energy relationship; (e) Background radiation.
Explain the important distinctions between each pair of terms: (a) Electron and positron; (b) Half-life and decay constant; (c) Mass defect and nuclear binding energy; (d) Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion; (e) Primary and secondary ionization.
Which of the following types of radiation is deflected in a magnetic field? (a) X-ray;(b) ɣ ray; (c) β ray;(d) Neutrons.
A process that produces a one-unit increase in atomic number is (a) Electron capture; (b) β– emission;(c) α emission; (d) ɣ-ray emission.
Of the following nuclides, the one most likely to be radioactive is (a) 31P;(b) 66Zn;(c) 35Cl;(d) 108Ag.
One of the following elements has eight naturally occurring stable isotopes. We should expect that one to be (a) Ra; (b) Au; (c) Cd; (d) Br.
Of the following nuclides, the highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon is found in (a) 31H;(b) 168O;(c) 5626Fe;(d) 23592U.
Given a radioactive nuclide with t1/2 = 1.00 h and a current disintegration rate of 1000 atoms s–1, three hours from now the disintegration rate will be (a) 1000 atoms s–1; (b) 333 atoms s–1; (c) 250 atoms s–1;(d) 125 atoms s–1.
The most radioactive of the isotopes of an element is the one with the largest value of its (a) Half-life, t1/2;(b) Neutron number, N; (c) Mass number, Z;(d) Radioactive decay constant, λ.
Write nuclear equations to represent (a) The decay of 214Ra by α-particle emission (b) The decay of 205At by positron emission(c) The decay of 212Fr by electron capture (d) The reaction of two deuterium nuclei (deuterons) to produce a nucleus of 32He (e) The production of 24397Bk by the
223Ra has a half-life of 11.43 d. How long would it take for the radioactivity associated with a sample of 223Ra to decrease to 1% of its current value?
A sample of radioactive 3516S disintegrates at a rate of 1.00 x 103 atoms min-1. The half-life of 3516S is 87.9 d. How long will it take for the activity of this sample to decrease to the point of producing (a) 253, (b) 104,(c) 52 dis min-1?
Neutron bombardment of 23Na produces an isotope that is a β emitter. After β emission, the final product is (a) 24Na;(b) 24Mg;(c) 23Ar;(d) 24Ar;(e) None of these.
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